Prehistory of Bangladesh

University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh GED 100: Bangladesh Studies Afsana Anjum Lecturer Room: 602 The course is concerned with the political, cultural, social and economic history of Bengal that dates back to 320 B. C. with the line drawing towards the present. Daily lifestyle, society, religion, culture, wealth of Bengal in other words how this nation gradually evolved into today’s Bangladesh is the main structure of this subject.With that, land formation, agriculture system, industry, trade and commerce, religious activities, language and literature, sculpture, art architecture- in one word all sort of activities of the people of Bengal that evolved from thousand years ago is the theme of this subject. We are trying here to find the root and trail to our present standing point in world civilization. Grading: 100 Points Unit 1: Environmental Background: weather and climate, land formation, river system, flora and fauna, mineral resources, demography, culture and religionUnit 2: Prehistory of Bangladesh Unit 3: Early historic Era (500 BC- 320 AD): Mshasthangarh and Wari-Bateshswar Unit 4: Late Historic Era-1 (320 – 550 AD): Gupta Era Unit 5: Late Historic Era-2 (525 – 750 AD): Sasanka, Gopachandra, Dharmaditya, Samachardeva, Khadga, Rata, Deva Unit 6:Early Medieval Era (750 – 1230 AD): Pala, Chandra, Sena, Varman Unit 7:Medieval Period (1204 – 1650): Sulatanate and Mughal Unit 8:Coming of Europeans and East India CompanyUnit 9:Liberation Movements: Beginning of Communalism, Birth of East Pakistan (1947), Language Movement (1948 – 52), Juktafront Electiuons (1954) , Six Point movement (1966), Mass movement of 1969 and Election in 1970, Liberation War (1971) Unit10: Political history of Bangladesh from Independence Unit 11: Bangladesh: achievements and challenges Unit 12: Review: what we've learned. References Books Banglapedia, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Bangladesher Etihas, 2006, Dr. Rahim, Dr.Chowdhury, Dr. Mahmud a nd Dr. Islam (Nouroj) History of Bengal- Vol 1 & 2 (Dhaka University) History of Bangladesh- Vol1, 2 & 3 (Asiatic  Society of Bangladesh) A History of Bangladesh- Williem Van Schendel History of Bengali speaking people- Nitish Sen Gupta Geography of Bangladesh, 1991, Haroun Er Rashid, UPL Bangladesh on the threshold of twenty first Century- Edited by Fakrul Alam & A. M. Chowdhury (Asiatic Society of Bangladesh) Bengali Literature, V C Ghosh, Oxford University PressEconomic Geography of Bangladesh- Dr. Harun ur Rashid Online Wikipedia: www. wikipedia. com http://bpedia. org/ http://www. banglapedia. org/httpdocs/bangla/index. htm http://countrystudies. us/bangladesh/ Internet History Sourcebooks Project: http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/ Project Gutenberg: http://www. Gutenberg. org/wiki/Main_Page http://www. historyguide. org/ancient/lecture18b. html http://www. hyperhistory. com/online_n2/History_n2/a. html

What is Censorship?

I will discuss whether or not censorship is a good or bad thing and what affect it has on the people and whether this influence is helpful to society. The media needs censorship because discretion in viewers or censorship is necessary; it reduces the risk of exposing children of easily influenced ages to adult content as well as inappropriate content that should not be exposed to all. Media exposure is a powerful factor in influencing the values and opinions of children; for this reason, the need to control all that they see and hear from the media. An example of this are rap songs, which usually contain swear words, say if a young child was in the room and heard this and then began to repeat the word, this is why some word in songs are censored. On the other hand there are cons to censorship. It compromises freedom of speech. Also not censoring can be a good thing as shock tactics are the best way to help children/teenagers to stay safe, for instance if a teenager saw a picture of a girl dead from a drug overdose it would help them to see that it is dangerous making sure that they stay away from it. Everyone should be able to choose whether censoring is better or not, seeing things like the example above will help children to think twice leading them to make the right choices rather than being reckless and irresponsible with their decisions. In conclusion I believe that censorship is good because it protects the privacy of the people. We should all have a choice, some may rather prefer content be censored like if they live in a family environment with children around. Whereas others would choose not censoring for example if they live on their own and are an adult, listening to swear words would not cause any harm or have any impact as most likely they already know these certain words.

How to Get into Georgetown: Admissions Requirements

Only 14.5% of applicants are admitted. How can you improve your odds of getting in? Located in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., Georgetown University is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit institute of higher learning in the United States. The university offers undergraduate programs in five of its schools, including : Georgetown also offers several special programs, including a joint-degree program with the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University, a science and engineering program in which students receive both an A.B. degree from Georgetown and B.S. degree from Columbia in five years. Students may also apply to the Baker Scholars Program, founded by George F. Baker in 1973 to cultivate young business leaders, in their sophomore year. What does it take to get into this prestigious university? Read on to find out. Students must use Georgetown’s application to apply. According to the admissions department, it will take you approximately 15 minutes to fill out your basic information, which initiates the interview process (a representative will contact you to schedule your interview). Other required application materials include: Georgetown strongly recommends submitting the results of three SAT Subject Tests ; you should assume that this is a requirement except in very rare circumstances and choose tests that best correlate to your strengths and intended areas of study. You may also submit additional materials showcasing your music, theater, dance, and studio art talents. Of the 22,897 students who applied for a position in the class of 2022, 3,327 (14.5%) were admitted . This represents a record-low admissions rate for the university. Of the admitted students, 1,700 submitted enrollment deposits. Specific waitlist information is not available, although last year, the university only admitted students applying to the School of Nursing and Health Sciences from its waitlist. The breakdown of standardized test scores for admitted students by school is as follows: Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. As with most highly selective colleges and universities, a stellar academic record is a must in order to be admitted to Georgetown. However, this is only the tip of the iceberg, since many candidates have strong GPAs and standardized tests scores. Georgetown also values thoughtfulness, attention to detail, and strong character. The university was founded based on religious values; that doesn’t mean you must be Catholic to attend—many students aren’t—but you must demonstrate compassion, care, and strong character. That starts with your application. While it may seem tedious to fill out a separate application for one college, the adcom will notice the care and attention you’ve taken (or haven’t). Also, remember that all applicants are offered interviews , and you should take advantage of this opportunity to demonstrate your character and personal attributes. Be sure to emphasize that you are intellectually curious and engaged by discussing personal projects you’ve undertaken, research you’ve conducted, or other activities in which you’ve engaged in and out of the classroom. Diversity is another element Georgetown weighs heavily in the admissions process. Consider its essay prompt : As Georgetown is a diverse community, the Admissions Committee would like to know more about you in your own words. Please submit a brief essay, either personal or creative, which you feel best describes you. (1 page, single-spaced, or approximately 300-400 words depending on font size) This is an opportunity to demonstrate what makes you unique. Diversity does not just mean you come from an underrepresented minority background; it can also mean that you bring special talents, such as an interesting extracurricular or out-of-the-ordinary experience, to the class. While some schools within Georgetown have higher admissions rates and SAT scores than others, that doesn’t mean you’ll have a better chance of acceptance if you apply to one over another. Many of these schools are self-selecting, and the adcom will consider your qualities and demonstrated interests as they align with that school. Show the adcom that you are passionate about your future course of study by applying to the appropriate school. Before you apply, make sure your final list is well-balanced among safety, target, and reach colleges . This will increase your chances of being admitted to a good-fit school. Being denied admission is disappointing, but it’s a tough reality in college admissions. It’s important to take a step back and regroup. If you get rejected from Georgetown, here’s what you can do: Even if Georgetown was your top choice, chances are, you’ll find a way to make a college that did accept you work. College really is what you make of it, and if you put effort into adjusting to another school by joining clubs, working hard in your classes, and cultivating a social life, you’ll likely find that you can make a fulfilling college experience for yourself, even if you end up at a college that wasn’t your top choice. If you had your heart set on Georgetown or received bad news from the other colleges on your list, one option is to take a gap year and reapply next admissions cycle. Keep in mind that this is risky, and it’s often better to accept a spot at another college and take a gap year there. You can also consider transferring after you’ve matriculated elsewhere, although the acceptance rate for transfers is low ; in 2017, for example, 2,175 students who matriculated at other colleges applied for transfer, and 364 were accepted, for an admission rate of 17%. You must excel at your original college in order be accepted as a transfer student; the average college GPA for transfers was 3.83 in 2017. If you do decide to take a gap year, make sure you have a productive plan for the year. You might undertake a research project, volunteer, study to improve your SAT scores, or take classes non-matriculated at a local college.

Sexual Assault in Prison Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sexual Assault in Prison - Research Paper Example Prison violence includes rape, gang fights, duty manipulation and death as a resultant. The paper will be a focus on rape as a form of prison violence. Rape cases are familiar in all genders. However, masculine prisons record the highest number of prison rape victims. Rape is defined as the act by which sexual relations are obtained through physical force, threats or intimidation. The rate of prison rape cases have grown significantly in recent years. The issue has become sensitive that special groups have been given the mandate to find lasting solutions. Sexual violence in male prisons is a very sensitive issue when being tackled within the prison. Due to fear of being raped, victims and fellow prisoners choose not to report cases of rape. It is found that under assurance of secrecy and security, prisoners give out information on their sexual experiences while in prison, (Smith, pp. 97). For instance, there was a prisoner interview held in the Philadelphia correctional facilities. I n the exercise, 3,304 prisoners were interviewed. 156 prisoners interviewed admitted to be victims of sexual violence. This gives about 4.7% of the prisoners in the institution. This can lead to an assumption that the rape cases are no different for the past prisoners in the institution. ... In another report, a prison in Nebraska has the highest rate of staff-inmate sexual abuse of 12.2%. September 4th 2003: The day when the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission was founded under the Prison rape elimination act of 2003. The commission was issued with the mandate of the detection, analyzing and finding solutions to reduce prison sexual abuse. With the commission, abused prisoners are able to step up and report these cases of abuse. Rather than having the feeling of justice being done, it also gives them psychological confidence. Boosting psychological confidence of a sexual victim is the first way to recovery and forgiveness. Human right groups also influence greatly on the cases of prison abuse. These agencies may force a prison reshuffle and provision of medical care that the victims must be provided with. Agencies also push for prison staff alignment. With a proper and just prison staff, the welfare of prisons will be in good hands. This will also reduce the num ber of staff-inmate abuse. To curb this menace, a proper program and design should be established and implemented. The design should be able to rattle all stakeholders in prison facilities. The program should cover from top shelf management, to the bottom prison guard and warden. The design should be in a way that inmate-staff manipulation will be stopped. The design should mostly focus on prison management. With a proper management, there will be a proper staff and, hence, a proper open environment in the prisons. Most of all, the design should be able to give sexual abuse victims the room to report the incidences. After the report has been filed, the design should be able to find the appropriate way to

Mechanical vibration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mechanical vibration - Coursework Example The European Standards set out in ISO 2631-1 provide a criterion through which vibrations can be evaluated, analysed, and monitored. The purpose of this standard is to protect employees from unnecessary and harmful modes of vibration in the work place. The BS EN 14253:2003+A1:2007 is an essential document that aids in calculating vibration doses an employee gets when using vibration equipment. Through the calculations, the employee is assured of his health as well as good practices for vibratory equipment (Finucane, 2006). The document contains methods of measuring and establishing the daily exposure of vibration. This can then be compared to the required daily dosage units for the purpose of employee safety and health. EN 30326-1-this norm of reference reflects mechanical vibration, with a detail outline of laboratory methods used to evaluate vehicle seat vibration. Its Part I outlines the ISO 103236-1:1992 for the basic requirements. The evaluation of exposure to vibration by employees is based on two principles; the frequency-weighted acceleration and the total duration of exposure to vibration per day. Frequency-weighted acceleration is expressed in m/s ², reported as Root Mean Square (RMS) value. On the other hand, the total exposure to vibration per day is denoted as Ti with the denotation i reflecting the particular operation. Using the two principle guidelines for evaluation of quantities for vibration exposure, exposure profile defines the dosage of vibration an employee is exposed to, using the value A(8). This requires accurate measurement of the sources of vibration on a frequent basis. The exposure profile also states measurements made in the context of daily vibration exposure. Since the operations are identified, important factors must be considered. These are; One of the sources of whole-body vibration is a travelling car. A comparative assessment was done on whole-body vibration exposure. The car

Stereotypes and Media Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stereotypes and Media Influence - Essay Example 287) and (3) be responsible for communal discrimination as well as unfairness. Frequently, the â€Å"groups being stereotyped have little to say about how they are represented† (Merskin, p. 301). Stereotypes have a significant part in today's civilization - mainly in ‘misinformation’ or ‘half truth’. Stereotyping is as a preset conservative belief or idea of a person or group of individuals, held by several people. Stereotypes can be fundamental or intricate overviews, which â€Å"public apply to individuals or groups† (Merskin, p. 319), in accordance with their look, conduct and way of life. Stereotypes are present universally. However, the world appears to be getting better in a number of ways it seems nearly unattainable to release it from stereotypes. Stereotypes have been there from the start of time in daily life by means of faith, political affairs and the media. Human beings have the inclination to apply stereotypes in their wittiness, their depictions of others, and even in their way of life. One may think that it is feasible to get rid from such practices; nonetheless, if one observed the standard endorsements of misinformation, it would make this aim unfeasible. On the other hand, stereotypes are not negative at all times. Misinformation is a power, which can manipulate and have an effect on every person; making alterations in conduct, approach and ones thinking. It is as well identified that media affects its spectators by amending their opinions based on the data that they see. Large number of stereotypes televised by misinformation has related results. The media frequently utilizes as well as misrepresents stereotypes; nonetheless, considerable amount of people among society believe them. Television... The media frequently utilizes as well as misrepresents stereotypes; nonetheless, considerable amount of people among society believe them. Television programs, for instance, the Simpsons are filled with stereotypes during its thirty minutes of transmission. The Simpsons has a huge viewership that watch this program every day as it is aired in prime time. â€Å"Characters such as Apu are highly discriminated and stereotyped. On this show, Apu is characterized as an Indian immigrant, who prays to Ganesh, and he holds a highly noticeable and dissimilar accent†. This is a stereotype that is viewed by young kids and is recognized as comic; they relate this understanding towards individuals they meet in reality. Spectators of this program consider this knowledge to be entirely truthful for they hold slight or no understanding regarding that specific group. Despite the fact that the stereotypes publicized on television are misrepresented more often than not, they are pretty well ackn owledged by the viewers as the fact. The spectators who view such programs on a day-to-day basis do not identify the prejudiced content, which is being shown. In particular, media grabs the â€Å"interests of their audience through comedy, drama, and action which causes the viewers to disregard the immorality behind the content† (Schiappa, p. 259). Consequently, the usefulness of applying such stereotypes adds to the recognition of television programs. In contrast, the misinformation's utilization of stereotypes is not constantly a negative event. Misinformation’s use of stereotypes can occasionally provide one the enthusiasm to gain knowledge.

Comparison of Two Flood Stories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of Two Flood Stories - Assignment Example It is worth mentioning that â€Å"The Flood of Noah† is the older story of the Bible, wherein all manhood got destroyed by the flood except the family of Noah. On the other hand, in case of â€Å"The Flood of Gilgamesh†, all mankind of the civilization got destroyed excluding the family of Utnapishtim (Lorey, â€Å"The Flood of Noah and the Flood of Gilgamesh†). Noah was quite spiritual in nature and he lived with his family. When the age of Noah was 500 years, the God said him to make an ark for his family. God also said Noah that after 120 years, a flood will occur, which will destroy the entire mankind and give him instruction to live in the ark with his family. Later, the flood took place, which continued for forty days. Notably, Noah along with his family stayed in the ark for full one year. After the completion of one year, when Noah found a land and left the ark, God blessed him and his family with the power of immortality (Davidson 49-77). With regards to the story of â€Å"The Flood of Gilgamesh†, Gilgamesh was the king of Samaria. The Sumerian hero journeyed the whole world and met an old man named Utnapishtim. The Utnapishtim told Gilgamesh about the disaster flood story of the Sumerian civilization. The flood took place for six days, which was a short duration, but resulted in destroying the entire civilization (Davidson 49-77). Identifiably, there lay certain differences between the above discussed two flood stories. In this context, the announcement of Noah’s flood was made by the God directly, but in relation to the case of Gilgamesh flood story, the announcement came from God via dream. The cause behind the flood of Noah was the increasing mischievousness of the people, however, in case of Gilgamesh, the reason was man’s sins. The landing space of the ark in Noah was Mountain Ararat and the landing spot of the boat in Gilgamesh was Mountain Nisir (Lorey, â€Å"The Flood of Noah and the Fl ood of Gilgamesh†). Apart from the above identified

The role of radiological imaging in the diagnosis of a child with Essay

The role of radiological imaging in the diagnosis of a child with abdominal pain - Essay Example In children, one of the most common symptoms is abdominal pain. Many parents attest that their children would always complain of some tummy aches. In many cases, these episodes are known to be insignificant. Many children would have various thresholds of tolerating pain3. On the other hand, the parents would have a variation in their threshold of the appropriate time of bringing their child to the hospital. The paediatric and paediatricians rooms of emergency are always full of parents in need of attention from the doctors. In this case, the physician need to decide the patients who warranty for more work up with imaging and the type of patients who require the referral to the paediatric surgeon.4 The surgeons need to decide the types of patients that warranty the interventions of the surgeon and the patients who need medical observation or management. Even though the presentation in a child with abdominal pain may be common, all the individual children would give unique challenges t o the involved physicians. The abdominal pain pathophysiology is complex. The abdominal organ stimuli together with the gastrointestinal tract, move through the sympathetic nerves towards the ganglia of the thorax and the spinal cord. The shown stimuli have been reported to be poorly localized. The pain coming from the visceral glands is equally poorly localized, and is always believed to be the midline that is linked with the secondary autonomic effects like vomiting, nausea and pallor. In many cases, the many pain location may characterize the organ that is affected. The Epigastric pain comes from duodenum, stomach, pancreas, biliary system, or liver. Periumblical pain, comes from the small intestine. The infraumblical pain, on the other hand comes from the rectum and colon, ovaries and uterus, kidneys and bladder. The ovarian and renal pain is always located laterally to the side that is affected.

Water for the Sake of Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water for the Sake of Water - Essay Example As it has been explicated that technological advancements cannot be helpful for producing fresh water, and it is certainly impossible to survive without this essential natural resource, the most crucial conduct, which is the core motive of any campaign for water management, is to spread this realization in the public domain. All of the campaigns to save water on this planet are precisely focused to provide this awareness along with different methods, procedures and conducts by which the significant amount of water which is being wasted in daily life routines can be decreased (ICLEI, 2009). For instance, the California Water Awareness Campaign has a keen focus on providing awareness about the conservation of water, the quality of water, supply and distribution of water to the public of California. It also presents several methods to the public about the reducing the wastage of water. The appropriate use of technologies like automatic shut-off nozzles and automatic water taps with sens ors are being preferred to be utilized for effective water management. This campaign also helps families to understand the problem and address it effectively in a cost-efficient manner (California Water Awareness Campaign, 2013). All of these awareness programs which these campaigns conduct are mainly focused on making people acquire the information and apply it in their daily lives by which the essential resource of water is most likely to be efficiently managed and saved for the future generations.

Greek Mythology and Heracles Family Essay Example for Free

Greek Mythology and Heracles Family Essay The Greek heroes Heracles, Jason, Perseus and Theseus are all intriguing characters of Greek mythology. They each portray many different qualities and compare and contrast each other. For example the fact that Heracles was constantly a target of Hera and Theseus a target of Medea links them as characters. Also, Heracles frees Theseus from the chair of forgetfulness which also makes them similar. Even further, Perseus is from the city of Argos which happens to be where Heracles’ family is from as well. Another similarity between Heracles and Theseus is that they attack the Amazons together and both tend to rid the lands of certain monsters. Heracles also worked together in the Argonaut crew with Jason. All these heroes also tend to share great physical strengths and capabilities to defeat their enemies. These four heroes also differ from each other. Jason seemed to be portrayed as somewhat of a weaker character and Perseus seemed to receive much more help from gods and goddesses, even by Heracles, more than the other heroes did. It may have been because they favored him more. Another distinguishing feature is that Heracles was an average human being before he became immortal. As far as how each hero handles their quests, all four of them seem to mentally be prepared for each quest. They tend to each focus on the task at hand. For example, Heracles labors to catch a deer that is lightning fast; he perseveres for a year before he catches it. They all seem to show dedication and patience to each mission. However unlike Theseus who picks more dangerous routes, maybe for more of a mental challenge, Perseus does not seem to be as mentally focused but more on the physical side of things. Perseus is more physical and does not have to use as much intellectual thinking because he is gifted by nymphs and gods that give him the right tools to succeed on his quest. Heracles stands out as a physical hero since the day he was born by having to fight off the snakes that Hera sent his way and the fact that most of the twelve labors were aimed for his failure yet he succeeds. Another impressive success was the cleaning of the Augean stables by means of diverting 2 rivers. Each of these four heroes has honorable qualities that drives them in their quests and make them compare and contrast to each other.

Leadership And Management Theory And Practical Application Management Essay

Leadership And Management Theory And Practical Application Management Essay As the world of business changes, so do the theories in the management and leadership. For example, if just a 5 decades ago, the major focus when running the company, was on the management, today the situation is drastically different (Lawler, 2006). Today, the leadership has taken a greater role in the process of running a company, and the management theory has undergone a tremendous evolution, giving the rise to the human relations movement (Lawler, 2006). While the new management theories have been gaining the popularity, the review below will show that, the scientific management has not lost its importance. The debate over which one is more important for a company, the management or the leadership, has been a controversial topic for decades. According to the theories currently discussed in the academic and professional circles, it seems that the opinions are divided. However, all sides seem to agree that both, leadership and management are important aspects in the process of running a company (Lawler, 2006). More on this topic will be discussed in the later chapters. At this point it has to be noted that, the leadership and management, both have their unique functions, methods of development and application, and most importantly, have their advantages and disadvantages (McGovern, 2002 ). Furthermore, which one is more exercised and applied in a company is highly dependent on the culture, history, tradition, education, and the business philosophy. In order to better understand the importance and roles the leadership and management play, three countries prospective will be discussed below: US, Germany, and China. Theory of leadership and theory of management What is leadership? While the definitions vary, it seems that there is a consensus that, regardless of the leadership theory employed, leaders provide visions, goals, and get people united behind a shared idea, values, and believes. Theories of leadership are multiple; trait theory, functional theory, transactional theory, transformational theory, path-goal theory, and many more (Van Vugt, 2011). However, whatever the theory, there are common aspects that all of them share, and that is, success of a group is a result of two factors: Leadership style. Situational favorability. The leadership style depends on the multiple factors such as: ethnicity, culture, social background, education, experience, and character (Van Vugt, 2011). Regardless of these factors, it seems the leadership approaches have been segregated in to two broad groups: relationship oriented, and task oriented. In the first case, the relationship oriented, the leaders tend to focus on the people, and try to communicate the vision based on the relationship, personalities, and values (Van Vugt, 2011). In the second case, the task oriented, the leaders try to unite people behind a task or a goal they are attempting to accomplish. The situational factors depend on: leader-follower relations, task structure, and the position power. Among them, the most notable ones are the first and the third aspects. First is the relationship a leader has with the followers, and the third one is the amount and the formal of power a leader has, and how he chooses to exercise it in leading an organization (Van Vugt, 2011). What is management? According to a classic definition, management is an act of organizing and planning of the human and material resources in order to accomplish the desired plans and objectives (Kaufman, Beaumont, Helfgott, 2003). Furthermore, management is involved in the organizing, planning, budgeting, directing, and controlling of these resources in order for the goals and objectives to be fulfilled effectively and efficiently. The management theories are numerous, but they all seem to follow the principles provided in the two dominant theories in management, the scientific management theory, and the human relations theory. The scientific management theory, also called Taylorism, is a theory which focuses on analyzing and synthesizing the work flows. The primary goal of the theory is to accomplish the superior economic efficiency, especially when it comes to the labor productivity (Kaufman, Beaumont, Helfgott, 2003). The human relations movement is a theory which views the organizations in the psychological prism rather than the mechanical parts prism. Thus, it focuses on the social relations, motivation, and the employee satisfaction (Kaufman, Beaumont, Helfgott, 2003). Discussion Management and leadership; comparative analysis The argument that leadership is more important than management is, or vise versa, has not been settled. Some argue for one, and the others highlight the importance of the other. However, they all agree that the leaders and managers provide a valuable contribution to the organizations (Lunenburg, 2011). The first one to take a stand on the roles of the leadership and management was Abraham Zaleznik, in 1977 in the Harvard Business Review (Lunenburg, 2011). He argued that, leaders and managers play a vital role in the organization, but their functions, roles, and impacts are different. According to him, leaders promote the change and development of the new approaches, while the managers advocate for the stability and the status quo. Furthermore, leaders are concerned with the peoples understanding and gaining their commitment, while the managers are focused on the responsibilities, exercising authority, and accomplishing the immediate tasks at hand (Lunenburg, 2011). However, in 1990 John Kotter has offered his view on the roles and importance of the leadership and management in the organization (Lunenburg, 2011). As he argued, the roles of the leaders and managers are important in organizations, but they are different, and they are complementary. This was a big change in how the two concepts were viewed in the business as well as the academic circles. As Kotter argued, the role of leadership is to cope with change, while the role of the management is to cope with the complexity. According to Kotter, the leadership process is focused on: developing the vision for the organization, getting people on board through the communications, and motivating people via empowerment and basic need fulfillment (Lunenburg, 2011). Thus, leadership creates change and uncertainty in the organization. On the other hand, management is concerned with: planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing, and controlling and problem solving. Thus, management reduces the uncertainty and provides the stability in the organization (Paauwe, 2004 ). Thus, based on the above discussion and views, it is obvious that, depending on the views on the leadership and management, there are aspects that differentiate the two, and there are areas which may overlap. According to the older views, the overlaps are much more common and large, and according to the latest views on the roles and functions of the leadership and management, the common areas are much smaller (Paauwe, 2004). As it seems, the latest views, ones presented by the Kotter, seem to be more mainstream. In order to see the differences Kotter has advocated for, the following paragraphs will highlight the differences more precisely. Five categories of comparison between the management and the leadership will be used: thinking process, goal setting, employee relations, operations, and governance (Lunenburg, 2011). The five categories in the leadership prism (Lunenburg, 2011): Thinking process; focus is on people, and looks outward. The day to day activities are completely out of the focus and interest. Goal setting; communicates the vision, describes the future; sees a forest in other words. It uses broad strokes, general descriptions, and leaves the details to others. Employee relations; empowers people, develops trust, commitment, and builds collegial relationships. Operations; does the right things, advocates and promotes change, serves subordinates; promotes bottom up approach. Governance; uses influence, trust, respect, and acts decisively. It is less about the authority, and more about the agreement and on-boarding. The five categories in the management prism (Lunenburg, 2011): Thinking process; focuses on the tasks at hand, and focuses inward. It is about the things that need to be done in order to accomplish the vision set out by the leader. Goal setting; executes plans, oversees the processes, focuses on the present day; sees the trees in other words. Employee relations; controls, subordinates, directs, and coordinates. It is much more functioning relationship which is based on the formal foundations. Operations; does the right thing, manages and oversees the implementation of the changes, and serves the superiors in the organizational hierarchy. Governance; uses authority, reduces and prevents conflicts, and acts responsibly. Thus, as the above discussion has shown, Kotter has been right when he argued about the differences and the complementarily. As the category descriptions above have shown, the leadership is about the general visions, while the management is about getting things done. Practical applications of management and leadership As the discussion above has shown, the roles, focus, and the practice of leadership and management have changed over time. While the earlier practice and application have overlapped more, today they are much different. The practice of the leadership and management are different based on the two major factors: the environmental stability and the task complexity. Quadrant 4 Considerable leadership and management required Quadrant 3 Considerable leadership, not much management necessary High Change Quadrant 2 Little leadership but considerable management required Quadrant 1 Little leadership or management required Low Low Complexity High Figure 1: leadership and management and the impact of change and stability (BoÃÅ'ˆrsch, 2007) As you can see from the figure 1 above, there are four distinct scenarios where the leadership and management are playing different roles. The conditions and the degrees of change and complexity are expressed in the four quadrants indicated in the four different colors. As you can see, the horizontal axis represents the degree of the complexity, and the vertical axis represents the degree of change required. Lets discuss the roles of the leadership and management in each of the quadrant, representing the four scenarios organizations may face in the business environment. Quadrant 1; this is the case when there is little leadership or management is required. This environment exists when the change is not required, or the requirement is low, and the complexity of the task is low as well. This was the case before 1900s, when the technology was simple, and the demand was somewhat uniform (Brewster, 2008). Quadrant 2; this is the case when the leadership is not as important, but requires considerable management. This environment is characteristic to the slow growth or stagnant economies, where the leadership doesnt accomplish a lot, and the management is the one responsible for finding the new ways to achieve growth (Krug, 2004). Quadrant 3; this is the case when an organization faces a high turbulence in the environment, and has little complexity in the tasks to be accomplished. This environment is characteristic to the companies undergoing reforms, changing cultures, and transformation. Here the leadership takes charge, and guides the company through the tough times (Carter, Ulrich, Goldsmith, 2005). Quadrant 4; this is the case when both, the management and the leadership is hard at work in order to stabilize the environment, and accomplish the difficult tasks (BoÃÅ'ˆrsch, 2007). This is the case in the highly volatile environments where the tasks are difficult to get done. One example would be a post soviet Russia, where companies faced considerable challenges in terms of the environment, as well as the task complexities. It was caused by the two factors; first it was the political instability. Was Russia going to adopt the capitalist system or was it going to go with the old, soviet system? Second, the lack of clarity on who was in charge, what the regulations were, and how they were applied, was a challenge, and the local managers were in charge of getting things done (Ardichvili, and Kuchinke, 2002). As the matrix above has shown, there are different circumstances, and the requirements for the roles of the leadership and management change accordingly. However, as the debate continues on which one to apply and use more, there are two combinations that might arise. First it is the weak leadership and strong management. In these companies, the focus is on the short term goals, details, reducing and eliminating the risk, and basing everything on the rational decision making process. Furthermore, the management focuses on fitting the people to the jobs, and making sure the compliance is adequate (Carter, Ulrich, Goldsmith, 2005). The consequence of this type of governance is sometimes unintended, but nonetheless, it is catastrophic for the organizations. As a result of the weak leadership, an organization becomes rigid, less innovative, and most importantly, unable to change as the environments changes. Processes become micromanaged, and there is a slow but steady deterioration in the productivity, effectiveness, and motivation (Carter, Ulrich, Goldsmith, 2005). In the case of the strong leadership and weak management, the situation is somewhat different. In this case, there is a strong vision for the future, but there is no short term planning and budgeting. In these types of organizations, there is cult-like culture, where there are no rules, regulations, structures, and specialization. As a result, the organization becomes hard to control, deadlines are not met, the coordination becomes poorer and poorer, and often times the organization collapses due to the lack of the day to day management (Carter, Ulrich, Goldsmith, 2005). Thus, as the practical application of the leadership and management has shown, it is critical to strike a golden balance which will assure the long term vision, flexibility, as well as the planned and well managed procedures which will guide the company to a desired goal. Multi-country prospective: US, Germany, China When looking at the leadership and the management in the multicultural prospective, it is interesting how the approaches differ. Lets look at how the practices are implemented in the three countries. US; as it seems, the American companies are striving for balancing the management and the leaderships roles more than any other countries named below. In addition, American leaders are building their roles based on the charisma, and rely less on the power. In terms of the management, its all about the professionalism (Carter, Ulrich, Goldsmith, 2005). Germany; in the case of Germany, its all about the management, and less about the leadership. The balance can be described as 60/40. Thus, German companies put more emphasis (relatively speaking)on the getting things done, and doing them right (BoÃÅ'ˆrsch, 2007). China; in the case of China, the balance shown in the German case tips further to the managements side. In China, management is responsible for getting things done, but the leadership holds the most power (Qiao, 2006). This is not observed in any of the previous two cases. In the US and Germany, the balance of power, as well as the responsibilities, are much more evenly and adequately allocated. Conclusions As the review has shown, the roles, the views, and the overall approaches to the leadership and management, have changed dramatically over the years. While in the beginning of the 20th century, the roles were somewhat not relevant and less important, as the world economy grew and the competition, as well as the instability increased, the roles of the leaders and the managers have grown in importance (Lawler, 2006). Not only the roles have grown, but the views on which is more important, and in what context, have changed as well. As Kotter indicates, these two professions have different functions, different purposes, different scopes of operations, and are complementary rather than conflicting with one another. The earlier views which stated that leaders where promoting change and uncertainty, and the managers were for the stability for the status quo, have changed (Brewster, 2008). Today leaders dont promote the change, rather they cope with it, and the managers, they deal with the complexities. Thus, the conclusion is, leadership is critical in the changing world. They set the visions, goals, and see the bigger picture. Managers on the other hand, they are the ones who make sure things get done. They are the planners, organizers, and the fixers. In other words, the leaders are architects, and the managers are the builders; and the right balance between them is absolutely necessary in any organization.

Ancient Astronomy Essay -- science

Ancient Astronomy Astronomy has been a source for myriad ideas influencing every subject. The stars have existed since the dawn of man. People have looked to the universe to determine physical location, gain spiritual direction and to track time. Many early scientists used astronomy to make careers for themselves and print their names in all the history books of time. Since the beginning of time, the stars and all of the heavens have been used not only as a tool to aid in basic living but also to reveal new and undiscovered things about the time and world people lived in. The times leading up to the 17th Century were filled with many discoveries not only in astronomy but also in mathematics and science. These discoveries lead to many uses from the learned knowledge of these newfound discoveries. The view of the universe at the time of the 17th Century was referred to as the Ptolemaic system. They also believed that all things around the earth were perfect and unchanging. Another popular theory at the time was the Copernican system. This is where the sun is the center, rather than the sun. One of the main scientists during the 17th Century was Galileo. He believed in the Copernican system. When Galileo pointed his telescope to the sky, he made many discoveries that confirmed the Copernican system. One thing he found was that the moon was not a perfect sphere as thought of in the Ptolemaic system; it had craters and mountains not visible to the human eye. Another d...

Abuse of the Innocent :: essays papers

Abuse of the Innocent Is it right to force a mouse to live it's live in a laboratory cage to test anti-cancer drug? How would you like to be squeezed in a cage with many other animals, not being able to touch the grass, run around and play,smell the flowers, or go for a walk in the warmth of the sunshine? Animal cruelty is wrong because we are hurting the Innocent. Animals experience and feel pain, fear , anxiety, stress, depression, boredom, joy and happiness. Animals are very intelligent, some ever learn our own language. Most people experience their first bond with an animal. Not only do they bring a companion and a friend into our lives, but also unconditional love and comfort. Pet shops and puppy mills mass produce, kennels are overcrowded and dirty, with very little nutrition. Cats/dogs are held in metal cages and lead miserable lives breeding continuously. Animals suffer and are neglected, some are sold to research laboratories. A large number of animals are raised for slaughter each year. A cow "has a natural life span of twenty- five to thirty years, but only survives for an average of five".1 An estimated "seventeen million raccoons, beavers, bobcats, lynx, coyotes, muskrats, nutria, and other animals are trapped each year in the United States for fur".2 They suffer from unbearable pain for several hours before their lives are ended by the trapper's club. Is the price of live worth the price of fur? Psalm 104, 27-30. All creatures depend on you to feed them throughout the year: you provide the food they eat, with generous hands you satisfy their hunger. You turn your face away, they suffer. You stop their breath, they die and revert to dust. You give breath, fresh life begins, you keep renewing the world. Disections have been practiced in biology classes for many years. Critics accuse some teachers of killing and argue that disection teaches nothing but cruelty. Nothing is learned by cutting up an animal that cannot be learned from photographs or drawings. Children do not learn about the human body by killing and disecting a person, they learn from diagrams and textbooks. Vivisection means "cutting alive". It is a worldwide practice involving millions of animals. Scientists say that vivisections may not necessarily be painful. Every living being with a brain, spinal column, and central nervous system feels pain. Animals were not created for entertainment. What do zoos really teach children? Abuse of the Innocent :: essays papers Abuse of the Innocent Is it right to force a mouse to live it's live in a laboratory cage to test anti-cancer drug? How would you like to be squeezed in a cage with many other animals, not being able to touch the grass, run around and play,smell the flowers, or go for a walk in the warmth of the sunshine? Animal cruelty is wrong because we are hurting the Innocent. Animals experience and feel pain, fear , anxiety, stress, depression, boredom, joy and happiness. Animals are very intelligent, some ever learn our own language. Most people experience their first bond with an animal. Not only do they bring a companion and a friend into our lives, but also unconditional love and comfort. Pet shops and puppy mills mass produce, kennels are overcrowded and dirty, with very little nutrition. Cats/dogs are held in metal cages and lead miserable lives breeding continuously. Animals suffer and are neglected, some are sold to research laboratories. A large number of animals are raised for slaughter each year. A cow "has a natural life span of twenty- five to thirty years, but only survives for an average of five".1 An estimated "seventeen million raccoons, beavers, bobcats, lynx, coyotes, muskrats, nutria, and other animals are trapped each year in the United States for fur".2 They suffer from unbearable pain for several hours before their lives are ended by the trapper's club. Is the price of live worth the price of fur? Psalm 104, 27-30. All creatures depend on you to feed them throughout the year: you provide the food they eat, with generous hands you satisfy their hunger. You turn your face away, they suffer. You stop their breath, they die and revert to dust. You give breath, fresh life begins, you keep renewing the world. Disections have been practiced in biology classes for many years. Critics accuse some teachers of killing and argue that disection teaches nothing but cruelty. Nothing is learned by cutting up an animal that cannot be learned from photographs or drawings. Children do not learn about the human body by killing and disecting a person, they learn from diagrams and textbooks. Vivisection means "cutting alive". It is a worldwide practice involving millions of animals. Scientists say that vivisections may not necessarily be painful. Every living being with a brain, spinal column, and central nervous system feels pain. Animals were not created for entertainment. What do zoos really teach children?

imperialism in Ecuador :: essays research papers

ECUADOR Before becoming Ecuador in 1830 it was known as the Vice royalty of Granada. Western imperialism and exploration led Spain to inhabit this Gold mine. Thesis: Slide 1 The year 1492 brought about many changes in the Old World that forever altered the way we understand and perceive the New World. Imperialism and Colonialism soared to new heights and brought two completely different worlds into a crash course forever entwining cultures, laws, religion, and customs in North and South America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slide 2 The year 1492 is important in many ways. After centuries of fighting the Muslims, Jews, and Moors were finally expelled out of Granada, the last strong hold of other religions in Spain. Christianity once again reigned in Spain. This led monarchy to fortify their homeland and start looking for new land to monopolize and colonize on in Asia. This is why they called the Western part of South America New Granada.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Slide 2- the man the Spanish monarchy chose was Christopher Columbus. Columbus is known for stumbling into America while looking for Asia. Slide 2- the men who deserve the credit should be the man who conquered the Americas and that is Hernando Cortes and Francisco Pizarro. Slide 2 transition into slide 3- Once Cortes and his small army defeated Montezuma’s powerful Mexican Aztec warriors, which outnumbered the Spaniards 10-1. The riches in form of Gold started to flood into Spain. Slide 3- once Queen Isabel died in 1504 and Ferdinand died in1516 there was a power struggle between the families. Charles V and queen Isabel of Portugal took over and immediately had to make political alliances as soon as possible. What better way then conquering new land and people? Spanish Thrown to send Francisco Pizarro on a new Expedition down south to find the other Great Empire that was rumored to exist in the south Slide 3- the motivational factors were over Gold but to make it sound a little better to the church and to the public, the Monarchy said it was to spread Christianity in the new world. Slide 3- on the new expedition Pizarro brought with him a man by the name of Diego de Almargo in 1532 and used Ecuador as the staging point for new invasion of Inca Empire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slide 4- now the next obstacle was finding the Empire and learning as much as possible about them to defeat them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slide 4- The Spaniards learned that the Incas ruled the area since 1200 A.

Free essay Essay

‘It may be hard for an egg to turn into a bird: it would be a jolly sight harder for it to learn to fly while remaining an egg. We are like eggs at present. And you cannot go on indefinitely being just an ordinary, decent egg. We must be hatched or go bad.’ C. S. Lewis. Lewis’s hypothetical situation raises questions on how a person, the bird he is metaphorically referring to, must undergo a change to be able to advance through life. The characters in Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet must too experience this change in order to heal wounds and rekindle old relationships. The ways in which stability and change are explored by Winton in the novel that I will be discussing in my essay are, Cloudstreet represents both stability and change in the novel through the house being personified, tension and change are revealed through juxtaposition and resolution between Dolly and Rose, and the relationship between Oriel and Fish explores tension through the innate nature of ea ch character. Before I begin my deconstruction of Cloudstreet I would like to explicitly address the aspects of context, reception, and values behind Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet. Cloudstreet was written while Winton was travelling through Europe away from his home in Perth, and so the novel develops a sense of reminiscence or ‘nostalgia’, as referred to by Michael McGirr, towards Winton’s romanticized home. Cloudstreet was written economic hardship and recession as well as a time around Aboriginal rights changing. The context in which the novel was written is important as it is reflected throughout the novel by a nostalgic tone and themes of reconciliation and hardship. Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet was the recipient of the prestigious Miles Franklin Literary Award in 1992, and since has become a well studied Australian novel by schools and scholars such as Michael McGirr and Yvonne Miels. The values explored in Cloudstreet allow the novel to be well receiv ed by a wide audience.

Poem of William Caslos William Essay

William Carlos Williams is a pioneer who creates a whole new realm in American poetry. He is regarded as an important and influential poet because of his unique and usually plain style. The poem â€Å"Poem† is one of the most prominent poems reflecting Williams’ style of writing. In this piece of work, Williams discusses a central contrast between the mortality of life and immortality of art through the image of two roses – in nature and in poetry. It can be said that life is symbolized by the rose, the central image and also the main theme of â€Å"Poem†. The real rose and unreal one are skillfully used to represent two factors: the reality and the art. In nature, a rose which cannot avoid the cycle of time undergoes stages of nature rules. First, it germinates from a seed. Then, it grows up and blooms or blossoms. Next, it fades or discolored. Finally, it dies. â€Å"The rose fades – And is renewed again – By its seed naturally† (Williams, 1983). The issue of the rose fading show that life, no matter what forms, follows the nature changing rule and eventually fades away. Meanwhile, Williams uses the image of the rose in poem to respect the art because the real rose will fade naturally but the rose of art keeps an ever-lasting beauty: â€Å"Save in the poem – shall it go – to suffer no diminution – of its splendor† (Williams, 1983). Generally, the whole poem presents the central contrast of nature versus art, death versus life and cycle of time versus perfection that lasts forever. With respect to the highlighted image of the rose in poetry, it can not be touch but lives forever and remains perfect, fresh, young, and beautiful regardless of time. It has the empowerment of splendor, perfection, and immortality. In fact, Williams’ intention after his words of praising the power of the rose in poem is to advocate the power of art in general. It seems that the poet gives prominence to art whose role is to inspire and guide people through curves of life thanks to its beauty and significance of teaching truth, giving beauty and pleasure, shaping moral characters, showing power of language and showing human experience.

The continuity of life and the natural environment

Chapter 1IntroductionWater can be considered as one of the basic elements back uping the continuity of life and the natural environment, an indispensable constituent in industry, a consumer point for homo and besides animate beings and a vector for domestic and industrial pollution. Assorted model that includes Acts of the Apostless, Torahs and guidelines for the control of aquatic substances, the quality of bathing, surface and imbibing Waterss and wastewater control had been established since the consciousness on H2O pollution became a sensitive issue. Malaysia is a underdeveloped state that moves towards the vision 2020. Unfortunately the development that had been carried throughout the state besides contributes bad impact to the environment particularly H2O quality. Water is a critical for all facets of human and ecosystem endurance and wellness. Therefore, its quality is besides of import. Water quality refers to the composing of a H2O sample. The reading of informations may be hard and drawn-out and ratings of H2O quality parametric quantities are necessary to heighten the public presentation of an assessment operation and develop better H2O resources direction and program. Water quality patterning involves the anticipation of H2O pollution utilizing mathematical simulation techniques. In fact, classical process-based modeling attack could supply comparatively good anticipation for H2O quality parametric quantities ; nevertheless, those theoretical accounts rely on a big set of informations and needed batch of input information s that is frequently unknown. A river is defined as any natural watercourse of H2O that flows in a channel with defined Bankss ( Encyclopedia Britannica ) . The beginning of a river may be a lake, a spring, or a aggregation of little watercourses, known as headwaters. From their beginning, all rivers flow downhill, typically ending in the sea/ocean as sketched in. In some instances a river flows into the land or dries up wholly before making another organic structure of H2O. A river is a constituent of the H2O rhythm. A river ‘s H2O is usually confined to a channel, made up of a creek bed between Bankss. Most rainfall on land base on ballss through a river on its manner to the ocean. Smaller side streams that articulation a river are feeders. Normally larger watercourses are called rivers while smaller watercourses are called brooks, Brookss, rills, rivulets, and many other footings, but there is no general regulation that defines what can be called a river. Harmonizing to JPS Malaysia ( 2009 ) , besides su ngai, there are besides many other footings mentioning to river ; including alor ( Kelantan ) , carok ( Kedah ) , parit ( Johor ) , batang ( Sarawak ) and terusan. In Malaysia, the H2O within a river by and large originates from precipitation through surface overflow, groundwater recharge and release of stored H2O in natural or semisynthetic reservoirs, such as wetlands, pools or lakes. A river conveys H2O by invariably fluxing perpendicular to the lift contours, thereby bring forthing kinetic energy from its possible energy. Where a river flows over comparatively level countries, the river will flux indiscriminately, get down to organize cringles and flow through the field by gnawing the riversides. Sometimes the river will cut off a cringle, shortening the channel and organizing a horseshoe lake from the cut off subdivision. Rivers that carry big sums of deposit develop deltas at their oral cavities. Saline waters that semen from the ocean will organize a new estuary. In this research, Principle Component Score were implemented to better river H2O quality anticipation theoretical account that uses Artificial Neural Network as a nucleus analytical method. Principle Component Analysis ( PCA ) is recommended as an explorative tool to bring out unknown tendencies in the informations. When applied on conditions, PCA will research correlativities between samples or conditions. Note that because the end of PCA is to & A ; lsquo ; sum up ‘ the informations, it is non considered a constellating tool. PCA does non try to group informations by user-specified standards as does the constellating methods. Harmonizing to Shlens ( 2009 ) , PCA is a standard tool in modern informations analysis – in diverse Fieldss from neuroscience to computing machine artworks – because it is simple, non-parametric method for pull outing relevant information from confounding informations sets. With minimum attempt PCA provides a roadmap for how to cut down a complex information set to a lower dimension to uncover the sometimes concealed, simplified constructions that frequently underlie it. In H2O quality mold, one attack to the quandary of limited resources and limited cognition is to construct prognostic theoretical accounts that characterize as much of this cognition, or mechanism, as possible and so depend to a great extent on these theoretical accounts for determination. Unfortunately, experience indicates that this scheme consequences in theoretical accounts with high prognosis errors or uncertainness. An alternate scheme is to construct every bit simple as a theoretical account that do non number in either resources or scientific apprehension. Unfortunately for this type of theoretical account, another job arises which is job of reference is non straight identified or tackled. New attack such as Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) techniques has proven their ability and pertinence for imitating and patterning assorted physical phenomena in the H2O technology field. In extra, Artificial Neural Network ( ANN ) captures the embedded spatial and unsteady behaviour in the investigated job utilizing its architecture and nonlinearity nature compared with the other classical modeling techniques. Recently, applications of ANNs in the countries of H2O technology, ecological and environmental scientific disciplines have been used intensively for anticipation and prediction in a figure of water-related countries, including H2O resource survey ( Liong et al. , 1999 ; 2001 ; Muttil and Chau, 2006 ; El-Shafie et al. , 2008 ) , environmental scientific discipline ( Grubert, 2003 ) and ( Hafizan et al. , 2004 ; 2006 ; 2008 ; 2009 ) . Artificial nervous webs are made up of complecting unreal nerve cells ( programming concepts that mimic the belongingss of biological nerve cells ) . Artificial nervous webs may either be used to derive an apprehension of biological nervous webs, or for work outing unreal intelligence jobs without needfully making a theoretical account of a existent biological system. The existent, biological nervous system is extremely complex and includes some characteristics that may look otiose based on an apprehension of unreal webs. The premiss in support of the usage and development of mechanistic H2O quality simulation theoretical accounts is that the most accurate and flexible prognosiss result from a theoretical account that right describes elaborate procedures. These theoretical accounts are accurate ( it is believed ) because the theoretical accounts are assumed to right qualify procedures, and they are flexible because detail-rich prognosiss can ever be aggregated over space/time ( but non frailty versa ) if necessary. The demand to calculate implies that extrapolation beyond the bounds of observation may be necessary, and this is believed to be dependable merely if mechanisms are right characterized. Mechanistic advection-diffusion-reaction ( transport-fate- effects ) theoretical accounts are typically big in order to imitate procedures. Despite this, they are still rather simple in the description of complex chemical and biological procedures, comparative to the existent universe. For illustration, in these theoretical accounts, virtually all chemical reactions are assumed to be first order, and one or at most a few species of beings are modeled at each degree of the nutrient concatenation. Small-scale temporal and spacial declaration gives the semblance of significant cognition. In fact, it is non complexness in theoretical account description that leads to prediction truth ; instead, it is the underlying scientific cognition and experimental grounds that provide the footing for accurate anticipation. Unfortunately, current pattern suggests that cognition and observation may back up accurate anticipation at merely a really gross degree of item. For illustration, the anticipation from a simple theoretical account for one-year mean entire N concentration in a H2O organic structure may hold less information but besides may hold less prognostic uncertainness than that for a big theoretical account of day-to-day concentrations of organic and inorganic signifiers of N. Simply stated, when less item is required in a prognostic theoretical account, the end point prognosis is likely to be less unsure.1.1 Significance of surveyThe result of this research would be that beginning allotment of river H2O quality by implementing integrating of APCS-ANN will be more effectu al instead than utilizing APCS and ANN individually.1.2 ObjectiveTo place the most important H2O quality parametric quantity that affects the surface H2O quality of Kedah River.To implement integrating of APCS-ANN in analysing secondary informations of Kedah River H2O quality.To place the most important activities that affects the H2O quality parametric quantities and apportions or classifies beginnings harmonizing to their part per centum.Chapter 2Literature ReviewIn an ideal universe, determination shapers would hold entree to hone anticipations of the impacts of their actions at any spacial or temporal graduated table and any degree of substantial item. In the existent universe, scientific anticipations are unsure, and resources are limited. In an ideal universe, determination shapers would hold clip and disposition to get perfect cognition of results. In the existent universe, determinations are made with limited clip for understanding. In H2O quality mold, one attack to the quandary of limited resources and limited cognition is to construct prognostic theoretical accounts that characterize as much of this cognition, or mechanism, as possible and so depend to a great extent on these theoretical accounts for determination. Unfortunately, experience indicates that this scheme consequences in theoretical accounts with forecast uncertainness. An alternate scheme is to construct simple theoretical accounts that do non revenue enhancement either resources or specific scientific apprehension. Unfortunately, these theoretical accounts may non straight address the job of concern. This quandary provides the principle for the principle for the survey presented in this survey, which is an scrutiny of the utility of APCS-ANN coaction for beginning allotment. An of import challenge for scientists is to develop analytical tools that could be used to understand the interaction and behaviour of factors involved in a multidimensional procedure such as primary production, and to supply the necessary tools for monitoring and direction of resources. Modeling is regarded as an of import analytical tool for biological and ecological surveies ( Cacho, 1997 ; Tufford and McKeller, 1999 ) . One of the attacks which receives turning involvement and is going popular in ecological and environmental mold is the constituent analysis, e.g. PCA ( Vink and Van Der Zee, 1997 ; Winkels et al. , 1998 ; Martinez et al. , 1998 ; Ferreira et al. , 1999 ; Barbieri et al. , 1999 ; Perkins and Underwood, 1999 ; Zimmerman and Canuel, 2001 ; Flink et al. , 2001 ; Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Elliott et al. , ( 2000 ) , the demand for feasible theoretical accounts of lake and reservoirs ecosystems has grown systematically, chiefly due to economic involvement s of H2O industry in direction and limnologists scientific wonders. Models are considered to be indispensable tools in surveies of big reservoirs due to reservoir complexness in footings of morphometry, hydrology, ecology and internal and external forcing maps ( Tufford and McKeller, 1999 ) . One of the attacks which receives turning involvement and is going popular in ecological and environmental mold is the constituent analysis, e.g. ( PCA ) ( Vink and Van Der Zee, 1997 ; Winkels et al. , 1998 ; Martinez et al. , 1998 ; Ferreira et al. , 1999 ; Barbieri et al. , 1999 ; Perkins and Underwood, 1999 ; Zimmerman and Canuel, 2001 ; Flink et al. , 2001 ; Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) . Main concern of the constituent analysis is to understand manner of action or behaviour of constituents of a system and its subsystems ( Cacho, 1997 ; Martinez et al. , 1998 ; Winkels et al. , 1998 ; Barbieri et al. , 1999 ; Petersen et al. , 2001 ; Wannaz et al. , 2003 ) . Main concern of the constituent analysis is to understand manner of action or behaviour of constituents of a system and its subsystems ( Cacho, 1997 ; Martinez et al. , 1998 ; Winkels et al. , 1998 ; Barbieri et al. , 1999 ; Petersen et al. , 2001 ; Wannaz et al. , 2003 ) . PCA, which is widely used in aquatic environmental and ecological mold surveies, offers an nonsubjective method for managing big set of biotic and abiotic informations and an assistance in cut downing the complexness of multidimensional system by maximization of constituent lading discrepancy and riddance of invalid constituents ( Petersen et al. , 2001 ; Bengraine and Marhaba, 2003 ; Loska and Wiechula, 2003 ) . PCA farther enables one to pull out explainable information to explicate physicochemical parametric quantities of a system ( Barbieri et al. , 1999 ) by explicating the variance-covariance construction of the original variables. In recent old ages, PCA has been employed either entirely or in combination w ith other methods to pattern biological and ecological procedures ( Vink and Van Der Zee, 1997 ; Winkels et al. , 1998 ; Martinez et al. , 1998 ; Ferreira et al. , 1999 ; Barbieri et al. , 1999 ; Perkins and Underwood, 1999 ; Zimmerman and Canuel, 2001 ; Flink et al. , 2001 ; Ansari et al. , 2003 ; Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) . Multivariate analysis techniques & A ; mdash ; PCA, bunch analysis, multiple arrested development analysis & A ; mdash ; allow reading of big and complex informations matrices for better apprehension of H2O quality and ecological position of the environment. Several multivariate theoretical accounts are used for beginning allotment surveies, as they pinpoint the possible factors or beginnings that influence the H2O quality ( Morales et al. , 1999 ; Wunderlin et al. , 2001 ; Petersen et al. , 2001 ; Raghunath et al. , 2002 ) . Pollution governments use theoretical accounts to develop optimum control schemes for environmental pollutants ( Olmez et al. , 1994 ) . Receptor theoretical accounts infer parts from different beginning types utilizing multivariate measurings taken at one or more receptor locations ( Olmez et al. , 1994 ; Watson et al. , 2002 ) . PCA and absolute chief constituent tonss ( APCS ) are the parts of multivariate theoretical account ( Watson et al. , 2002 ) . The ai m of this probe was to quantify the parts of the beginnings impacting the H2O quality of Kedah River. Therefore, big informations collected over assorted seasons was subjected to multivariate analysis. Multivariate statistical theoretical accounts, as auxiliary methods to dearly-won field studies, have been successfully used to place anthropogenetic pollution and beginning profiles in surface H2O, dirts and deposits ( Shine et al. , 1995 ; Facchinelli et al. , 2001 ; Simeonov et al. , 2003 ; Astel et al. , 2006 ; Han et al. , 2006 ; Wang and Qin 2006 ; Zhou et al. , 2006 ) . For illustration, PCA allows the transmutation and visual image of complicated datasets into meaningful variables without losing utile informations ( Pere & A ; ague ; -Trepat et al. , 2006 ) . However, multivariate analyses are sensitive to outliers and the non-normal distributions of geochemical datasets ; therefore, it is indispensable to analyze the chance distributions of all variables and execute appropriate informations transmutations ( Johnson and Wichern 2002 ) . Yet few surveies have considered these of import factors ( Pere & A ; ague ; -Trepat et al. , 2006 ) . In add-on, receptor modeling of assort ed possible pollution beginnings has been widely used in legion beginning apportionment surveies of air pollutants ( Watson et al. , 2002 ; Hopke 2003 ; Song et al. , 2006 ) . As eigenvector theoretical account, multivariate additive arrested development of absolute chief constituent tonss ( MLR-APCS ) has been applied to the allotment of H2O pollution beginnings ( Simeonov et al. , 2003 ; Pekey et Al. 2004 ) , showing the dependability of using receptor theoretical accounts to the aquatic environment. The PCA theoretical account was expressed as follows ( Johnson and Wichern 2002 ) : Zji = & A ; sum ; wjk pki where I = 1, †¦ , n samples ; J = 1, †¦ , thousand elements ; k = 1, †¦ , thousand beginnings ; Zji is the standardised concentration ; and wjk and pki the factor burdens and factor tonss, severally. To better the reading of pollution forms, Kaiser ‘s VARIMAX extraneous rotary motion of PCs was performed to maximise the simpleness of the entire burdens ( Brumelis et al. , 2000 ; Pere & A ; ague ; -Trepat et al. , 2006 ) , and based on the revolved PCA, we identified the latent pollution beginnings and beginning profiles. The MLR-APCS assumed a additive relationship between the entire mass concentration and the parts of each component ( Thurston and Spengler 1985 ) . Beginning parts to the entire concentration were estimated with MLR utilizing the de-normalized ( APCS ) qi values as follows: Mi = & A ; delta ; 0 + & A ; amount ; & A ; zeta ; K ( APCS ) ki = & A ; delta ; 0 + & A ; amount ; & A ; zeta ; K ( pki + & A ; sum ; Bkj& A ; # 8121 ; j / & A ; delta ; J ) WhereXj and& A ; delta ; j are the average concentration and the standard divergence for element J, severally,Mi the ascertained mass concentration in sample I,& A ; zeta ; k the additive arrested development coefficients and& A ; delta ; 0 the part of unidentified beginnings. PCA ( Vandeginste et al. , 1998 ; Malinowski, 1991 ; Martens and Naes, 1989 ) is an of import tool used to analyze informations matrices, which extracts extra information that would otherwise be unaccessible. It seeks the similarities between the columns and rows of any informations matrix of dependent variables. PCA helps in finding: ( I ) how samples differ from one another, ( two ) which variables contribute most to this difference and ( three ) if those variables contribute in the same manner or are independent of each other. Harmonizing to Infometrix Inc. ( 1995 ) , chemometrics is a multivariate mathematical and statistical attack to the analysis and reading of analytical informations. Pattern acknowledgment methods have been used in chemometrics to uncover and measure complex relationships in a broad assortment of environmental applications. These methods have contributed to the systematic apprehension of sediment hint metal and organic concentrations originating from natural and anthropogenetic beginnings. Chemometrics is besides utile in measuring biological response to natural or toxic factors, and can place the beginning of the taint. Common utilizations of this technique are to: 1 ) identify factors that are combinations of mensurable variables ; 2 ) illustrate groups or cluster associations among samples ; 3 ) buttocks spacial distribution of environmental factors or disturbances ; and 4 ) predict a belongings of involvement ( such as biological response to chemical disturbance ) . The appraisal of environmental quality is frequently based on tremendous sums of physicochemical informations, which if processed utilizing descriptive, univariate methods is of small value to decision-makers ( Ignatides et al. , 1985 ) . Simple appraisals can be made utilizing descriptive statistics ( mean, standard divergence, etc. ) and some graphical AIDSs. However, the job of foretelling the position of unknown samples with these simple attacks becomes more and more complicated as the figure of parametric quantities is increased. Consequently, multivariate techniques ( Adams, 1998 ; Vandeginste, 1998 ) are needed to accomplish satisfactory consequences. Such techniques have been proven as suited for environmental quality appraisal ( Karydis, 1994 ; Moriki and Karydis, 1994 ; Wunderlin et al. , 2001 ) . They offer greater possibilities to directors in footings of helping the decision-making procedure ( Karydis, 1992 ; Ignatides et al. , 1992 ) . European, national and regional di sposals are demoing a turning involvement in the development of indices for measuring environmental quality. These indices must be based on multivariate processs that have a prognostic capableness ( Consejer & A ; iacute ; a de Medio Ambiente, 1995 ) . Chemometric methods ( besides known as multivariate statistical techniques ) are progressively in usage, which provide several avenues for explorative appraisal of H2O quality informations sets and categorization of H2O qualities. Chemometric methods identify the natural bunch form and group variables on the footing of similarities between the samples. The most common methods of chemometric methods for categorization are viz. , cluster analysis ( CA ) and chief constituent analysis ( PCA ) with factor analysis ( FA ) . The discriminant analysis ( DA ) is used to corroborate the groups found by agencies of the CA and PCA. These multidimensional informations analysis methods are progressively in usage for environmental surveies covering with measurings and monitoring ( Kannel et. Al, 2006 ) . In this paper, merely PCA will be performed, and farther integrated with ANN to maximise the effectivity of this prognostic theoretical account. Cluster analysis and PCA have been widely used as they are indifferent methods which can bespeak associations between samples and/or variables ( Wenning and Erickson, 1994 ) . These associations, based on similar magnitudes or fluctuations in chemical and physical components, may bespeak the presence of seasonal or semisynthetic influences. Hierarchical agglomerate bunch analysis indicates groupings of samples by associating inter-sample similarities and illustrates the overall similarity of variables in the information set ( Massart and Kaufman, 1983 ) . PCA is used to cut down the dimensionality of the informations set by explicating the correlativity among a big set of variables in footings of a little figure of implicit in factors or chief constituents without losing much information ( Jackson, 1991 ; Meglen, 1992 ) , and allows appraisal of associations between variables, since they indicate engagement of single chemicals in several influence factors. Exploratory information ana lysis has been used to measure the H2O quality of rivers, and seasonal, spacial and anthropogenetic influences have been evidenced ( Brown et al. , 1980 ; Bartels et al. , 1985 ; Grimalt et al. , 1990 ; Librando, 1991 ; Andrade et al. , 1992 ; Aruga et al. , 1993 ; Elosegui and Pozo, 1994 ; Pardo et al. , 1994 ; Battegazzore and Renoldi, 1995 ; Voutsa et al. , 1995 ) . In a relevant research, similar attack of statistical methods were being used in analysing a set of informations from Guadalquivir River quality parametric quantity and associated with anthropogenetic beginnings. In the present work, complete survey of the H2O quality of Guadalquivir River, from Seville to the oral cavity were completed. Besides, chemometrics analytical method was used to set up the effects caused by the different human activities performed in the borders of the river. A sum of 26 trying Stationss located along the river measured several physico-chemical variables in the country, and in three different runs from 2001 to 2002. With the consequences a informations matrix were informations matrix built, which was analysed by ( FA/PCA ) and cluster analysis ( CA ) . This analysis allowed the designation of four different zones in the river, with different H2O quality. The first zone ( zone 1A ) comprised from Alcal & A ; aacute ; del R & A ; ague ; & amp ; # 305 ; O to S eville. The 2nd zone ( zone 1B ) was the metropolis of Seville, and as a effect, presented higher concentrations of several variables such as nitrite, ammonium or Mn. The 3rd zone ( zone 2 ) included from Seville to the Guadiamar River. In this country, agribusiness is the chief activity, and so, higher concentrations of suspended solids and phosphate were measured. In footings of H2O quality, this zone was partly similar to district 1A, and partly similar to the 4th zone, get downing in the Guadiamar River and coating in the oral cavity of the Guadalquivir River. The H2O in this last zone ( zone 3 ) is chiefly estuarial H2O. Therefore, its quality is influenced by saltwater input, and besides by the inputs from the Guadiamar River ( coming from a excavation country ) , and presented higher Cu concentration. Three chief constituents ( Personal computers ) were extracted, explicating the 79.1 % of the informations discrepancy. PC1 ( 46.9 % discrepancy ) was chiefly associated with ni trite, ammonium and manganese. PC2 ( 22.5 % discrepancy ) was chiefly associated with suspended solids and phosphates. PC3 ( 9.7 % discrepancy ) was chiefly correlated to nitrate and copper concentration ( Mendiguchia et. Al ; 2004 ) . Similar attack of making a theoretical account based on prognostic methods for analysing informations collected from environmental surveies were conducted at Bagmati River Basin, Nepal. Harmonizing to Kannel et Al, ( 2006 ) , the survey presents the application of selected chemometric techniques: CA, PCA, FA and discriminant analysis, to sort a river H2O quality and rating of the pollution informations. Seventeen Stationss, monitored for 16 physical and chemical parametric quantities in 4 seasons during the period 1999-2003, located at the Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal were selected for the intent of this survey. The consequences allowed, finding natural bunchs of monitoring Stationss with similar pollution features and placing chief discriminant variables that are of import for regional H2O quality fluctuation and possible pollution beginnings impacting the river H2O quality. The analysis enabled to group 17 monitoring sites into 3 parts with 5 major know aparting v ariables: EC, DO, CL, NO2N and BOD. Results revealed that some locations were under the high influence of municipal taint and some others under the influence of minerals. This survey demonstrated that chemometric method is effectual for river H2O categorization, and for rapid appraisal of H2O qualities, utilizing the representative sites ; it could function to optimise cost and clip without losing any significance of the result. Another article entitled Apportionment of Sources Affecting Water Supply at Kandla Creek located at Gulf of Katchchh, India, experimented on use of PCA and successfully apportion five major beginnings of pollutant. As stated by Dalal et Al. ( 2009 ) , this survey examines a big dataset collected over assorted seasons of the twelvemonth in Kandla Creek, Gulf of Katchchh, India, to place and measure the parts of the beginnings impacting the H2O quality. Principal PCA was applied to simplify and understand the complex relationships among H2O quality parametric quantities. Five Personal computers were found responsible for the information construction and 76 % of the entire discrepancy of the information set. APCS receptor theoretical account provided allotment of assorted beginnings lending to the H2O quality. Our survey reveal that the port activities contributed 80 % of the ascertained turbidness, 70 % of suspended solids and 68 % of crude oil hydrocarbons ; agricultural overflow cont ributed about 69 % of the ascertained phosphate, 57 % of the nitrate, and 63 % of the nitrite ; and industrial discharges contributed about 92 % of the ascertained ammonium hydroxide. Harmonizing to Camdevyren et al. , 2004, Chlorophyll-a is a well-accepted index for phytoplankton copiousness and population of primary manufacturers in an aquatic environment. The relationships between Chlorophyll-a and 16 chemical, physical and biological H2O quality variables in C & A ; cedil ; aml & amp ; # 305 ; dere reservoir ( Ankara, Turkey ) were studied by utilizing chief constituent tonss ( PCS ) in multiple additive arrested development analysis ( MLR ) to foretell Chlorophyll-a degrees. Principal component analysis was used to simplify the complexness of dealingss between H2O quality variables. Mark values obtained by Personal computer tonss were used as independent variables in the multiple additive arrested development theoretical accounts. Two attacks were used in the present statistical analysis. In the first attack, merely five selected mark values obtained by Personal computer analysis were used for the anticipation of Chlorophyll-a degrees and prognostic success ( R2 ) of the theoretical account found as 56.3 % . In the 2nd attack, where all mark values obtained from the Personal computer analysis were used as independent variables, prognostic power was turned out to be 90.8 % . Both attacks could be used to foretell Chlorophyll-a degrees in reservoirs successfully. Recently, applications of ANNs in the countries of H2O technology, ecological scientific disciplines, and environmental scientific disciplines have been reported since the beginning of the 1990s. In recent old ages, ANNs have been used intensively for anticipation and prediction in a figure of water-related countries, including H2O resource survey ( Liong et al. , 1999 ; 2001 ; Muttil and Chau, 2006 ; El-Shafie et al. , 2008 ) , oceanology ( Makarynskyy, 2004 ) , and environmental scientific discipline ( Grubert, 2003 ) . The ANN, as the name implies, employs the theoretical account construction of a nervous web which is really powerful computational technique for patterning complex non-linear relationships peculiarly in state of affairss where the expressed signifier of the relation between the variables involved is unknown ( Gallant, 1993 ; Smith, 1994 ) . The basic construction of an ANN theoretical account is normally comprised of three typical beds, the input bed, where the info rmations are introduced to the theoretical account and calculation of the leaden amount of the input is performed, the concealed bed or beds, where informations are processed, and the end product bed, where the consequences of ANN are produced. Each bed consists of one or more basic component ( s ) called a nerve cell or a node. A nerve cell is a non-linear algebraic map, parameterized with boundary values ( Dreyfus et al. , 2002 ) . The signal passing through the nerve cell is modified by weights and transportation maps. This procedure is repeated until the end product bed is reached ( Govindaraju, 2000 ) . The figure of nerve cells in the input, hidden and end product beds depends on the job. If the figure of concealed nerve cells is little, the web may non hold sufficient grades of freedom to larn the procedure right. On the other manus, if the figure is excessively high, the preparation will take a longer clip and the web may over-fit the information ( Karunanithi et al. , 1994 ) . The usage of data-driven techniques for patterning the quality of both fresh water ( Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) and saltwater ( Lee et al. , 2000, 2003 ) has met with success in the past decennary. Reckhow ( 1999 ) studied Bayesian chance web theoretical accounts for steering determination doing sing H2O quality in the Neuse River in North Carolina. Chau ( 2006 ) has reviewed the development and current advancement of the integrating of unreal intelligence ( AI ) into H2O quality mold. Arbors ( 2000 ) developed theoretical account to foretell suspended solids conceder local precipitation, watercourse flow rates and turbidness as input. Hatim ( 2007 ) employed an ANN attack utilizing six variables for the initial anticipation of suspended solids in the watercourse at Mamasin dike. Most of them employed about all possible environmental parametric quantities as input variables without sing the optimum pick amongst them. The present survey attempted to pattern Kedah River Basin H2O quality parametric quantities utilizing APCS-ANN mold for the first clip. Limited H2O quality informations and the high cost of H2O quality monitoring frequently pose serious jobs for process-based mold attacks. ANNs provide a peculiarly good option, because they are computationally really fast and necessitate many fewer input parametric quantities and input conditions than deterministic theoretical accounts. ANNs do, nevertheless, require a big pool of representative informations for preparation. Prediction of fresh water beings based on machine larning techniques is going more and more dependable due to the handiness of appropriate datasets and patterning techniques. Artificial nervous webs ( Lek and Guegan, 1999 ) , fuzzed logic ( Barros et al. , 2000 ) , evolutionary algorithms ( Caldarelli et al. , 1998 ) , cellular zombi ( Gronewold and Sonnenschein 1998 ) , etc. proved to be powerful tools to execute ecological modeling, particularly when big datasets are involved. Models have several interesting applications in river direction. They allow for a bet ter reading of the consequences, easing the cause-allocation of the existent river position and increasing the penetration needed to better appraisal systems. Models besides allow for imitating the consequence of possible direction options and therefore back uping decision-making. The development of effectual and efficient monitoring webs based on theoretical accounts is likely another of import advantage. The & A ; lsquo ; River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System ‘ ( RIVPACS ) attack, based on statistical modeling, is presently one of the best available techniques for measuring the biological quality of running Waterss because it offers the ability to utilize environmental variables to foretell species that are expected to happen at a site if it is unstressed. The expected zoology is so compared with the ascertained community of macroinvertebrates in order to measure the river quality ( Wright et al. 2000 ) . However, biological communities are dynamic and the nature of RIVPACS would necessitate to be altered in order to foretell a alteration in faunal composing in response to new environmental conditions at a given site ( De Pauw 2000 ) . ANNs are, nevertheless, still non widely used tools in the Fieldss of H2O quality anticipation and prediction. ANNs are able to come close accurately complicated non-linear input- end product relationships. Like their physics-based numerical theoretical account opposite numbers, ANNs require preparation or standardization. After preparation, each application of the trained ANN is an appraisal of a simple algebraic look with known coefficients and is executed practically outright. The ANN technique is flexible plenty to suit extra restraints that may originate in the application. Furthermore, the ANN theoretical account can uncover concealed relationships in the historical informations, therefore easing the anticipation and prediction of H2O quality. By and large, calculating theoretical accounts can be divided into statistical and physically based attacks. Statistical attacks determine relationships between historical informations sets, whereas physically based attacks model the implicit in procedures straight. Multilayer Perceptron ( MLP ) web ( Rumelhart et al. , 1986 ) are closely related to statistical theoretical accounts and are the type of ANN most suited to calculating applications.When utilizing ANNs for prediction, the mold doctrine employed is similar to the used in traditional statistical attacks. In both instances the unknown theoretical account parametric quantities ( i.e. , the connexion weights in the instance of ANNs ) are adjusted in order to obtain the best lucifer between a historical set of theoretical account inputs and the corresponding end products. These nervous webs are normally used in ecological surveies because they are suggested to be cosmopolitan approximators of any uninterrupted map ( Hornik and White, 1989 ) . It consists of at least three or more beds, which comprise an input bed, an end product bed and a figure of concealed beds. Each nerve cell in one bed is connected to the nerve cells in the following bed, whereas there are no connexions between the units of the same bed ( Kasabov, 1996 ) . Najah et. Al, ( 2009 ) , in an article entitled Prediction of Johor River Water Quality Parameters Using Artificial Neural Networks verified that H2O is a critical for all facets of human and ecosystem endurance and wellness. Therefore, its quality is besides of import. Water quality refers to the composing of a H2O sample. The reading of informations may be hard and drawn-out. Evaluations of H2O quality parametric quantities are necessary to heighten the public presentation of an assessment operation and develop better H2O resources direction and program. Water quality patterning involves the anticipation of H2O pollution utilizing mathematical simulation techniques. In fact, classical process-based mold attack could supply comparatively good anticipation for H2O quality parametric quantities ; nevertheless, those theoretical accounts rely on big sum of informations and needed batch of input informations that frequently unknown. New attack such as Artificial Intelligence techniques has proven their ability and pertinence for imitating and patterning assorted physical phenomena in the H2O technology field. In extra, ANN captures the embedded spatial and unsteady behaviour in the investigated job utilizing its architecture and nonlinearity nature compared with the other classical mold techniques. Johor River Basin located in Johor province, Malaysia which is significantly degrading due to human activities every bit good as urbanisation in and within the country. The survey attempted to foretell H2O quality parametric quantities at Johor River Basin using ANN mold. This survey proposed a anticipation theoretical account for entire dissolved solids, electrical conduction, and turbidness. The consequences show that the proposed ANN anticipation theoretical account has a great potency to imitate and foretell the sum dissolved solids, electrical conduction, and turbidness with absolute average mistake 10 % for different H2O organic structures. ANNs are being used widely to foretell and calculate H2O resources parametric quantities harmonizing to the specified end product mark. There are a few stairss that should be followed in the designing of such theoretical accounts and these include the pick of public presentation standards, the separation and pre-treatment of the available informations set, the finding of suited inputs and web construction, optimisation of the connexion weights ( developing ) and proof of the theoretical account. Guidance for each option of the stairss available for theoretical account interior decorators are discussed and issues with high item of concern are highlighted. A reappraisal covering with the usage of nervous web theoretical accounts for the anticipation and prediction of H2O resources variables is undertaken in footings of the modeling procedure adopted. The huge bulk of these webs are trained utilizing the backpropagation algorithm. Issues in relation to the optimum division of the availa ble informations, informations pre-processing and the pick of appropriate theoretical account inputs are rarely considered. In add-on, the procedure of taking appropriate fillet standards and optimising web geometry and internal web parametric quantities is by and large described ill or carried out inadequately. All of the above factors can ensue in non-optimal theoretical account public presentation and an inability to pull meaningful comparings between different theoretical accounts. Future research attempts should be directed towards the development of guidelines which assist with the development of ANN theoretical accounts and the pick of when ANNs should be used in penchant to alternate attacks, the appraisal of methods for pull outing the cognition that is contained in the connexion weights of trained ANNs and the incorporation of uncertainness into ANN theoretical accounts ( Maier and Dandy, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Imrie et al. , ( 2000 ) , ANNs provide a quick and flexible agencies of making theoretical accounts for river flow anticipation, and have been shown to execute good in comparing with conventional methods. However, if the theoretical accounts are trained utilizing a dataset that contains a limited scope of values, they may execute ill when meeting events incorporating antecedently unobserved values. This failure to generalize bounds their usage as a tool in applications where the information available for standardization is improbable to cover all possible scenarios. The paper presents a method for improved generalization during preparation by adding a counsel system to the cascade correlativity larning architecture. Two instance surveies from catchments in the UK are prepared so that the proof informations contains values that are greater or less than any included in the standardization informations. The ability of the developed algorithm to generalize on new informati ons is compared with that of the standard mistake backpropagation algorithm. The ability of ANNs trained with different end product activation maps to generalize beyond the standardization informations is assessed. ANN had been widely used as prediction and predicting theoretical accounts throughout the universe. In conformity with Zhang and Stanley ( 1997 ) , in H2O intervention processes, raw-water coloring material is a cardinal parametric quantity for procedure control and monitoring. Therefore, the ability to foretell the raw-water coloring material is desired to help in the optimisation of the intervention procedure. However, due to the high discrepancy and the built-in non-linear relationship of the raw-water coloring material clip series, it is hard to bring forth a dependable theoretical account with conventional mold attacks. In this paper, the ANN mold technique is used to set up a theoretical account for calculating the raw-water coloring in a big river. A general ANN mold strategy is besides recommended for the remainder of the raw-water parametric quantities. The mold procedure typically includes four phases: beginning informations analysis, system priming, and system fine-tuning and exemplary rating. Some optimisation issues involved in the mold stages and the possible applications of ANN in the H2O intervention industry are besides discussed. Result indicate that the ANN mold strategy shows much promise for H2O quality mold and procedure control in H2O intervention. In a similar scientific research, same attack has been performed to construct a theoretical account of river H2O quality. Karoon River in Iran is selected to measure the capableness of ANNs for H2O quality simulation. This river is the longest river in Iran. It is located in Khuzestan state, South West of the state. Several H2O quality variables including CO3, HCO3, SO4, Cl, Na, Ca, Mg, K, EC, TDS and SAR have been simulated. Datas from 1985 to 2006 at supervising Stationss including ; Arabhasan, Valiabad, Molasani, Ahwaz, Farsiat and Darkhoyen have been used for preparation of the selected ANN. Qnet 2000 ANN is selected for patterning intents in the present research. Results show that Qnet 2000 is able to foretell H2O quality variables of the Karoon River really successfully with more than 90 % truth. Research and prognostic webs on imbibing H2O quality and intervention has besides been established. Baxter et. Al, 2001, stated that in the article ; to better imbibing H2O quality whi le cut downing operating costs, many imbibing H2O public-service corporations are puting in advanced procedure control and mechanization engineerings. The usage of AI engineerings, specifically ANNs, is increasing in the imbibing H2O intervention industry as they allow for the development of robust nonlinear theoretical accounts of complex unit processes. This paper highlights the public-service corporation of ANNs in H2O quality modeling every bit good as imbibing H2O intervention procedure modeling and control through the presentation of several instance surveies at two large-scale H2O intervention workss in Edmonton, Alberta as stated by Musavi-Johrami and Golabi ( 2008 ) . In a closely related article, Juahir et Al. ( 2004, 2009 ) , same method that implemented ANN to construct a theoretical account of prognostic web of H2O quality parametric quantity for Langat River Basin. This survey discusses the development and proof of an Artificial Neural Network ( ANN ) theoretical account in gauging H2O quality index ( WQI ) in the Langat River Basin, Malaysia. The ANN theoretical account has been developed and tested utilizing informations from 30 monitoring Stationss. The mold information was divided into two sets. For the first set, ANNs were trained, tested and validated utilizing six independent H2O quality variables as input parametric quantities. Consequently, MLR was applied to extinguish independent variables that exhibit the lowest part in discrepancy. Independent variables that accounted for about 71 % of the discrepancy in WQI are Dissolved Oxygen ( DO ) , Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) , Suspended Solids ( SS ) and Ammoniacal-Nitrate ( AN ) . T he Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) and pH contributed merely 8 % and 2 % to the discrepancy, severally. Therefore, in the 2nd information set, merely four independent variables were used to develop, trial and formalize the ANNs. We found that the correlativity coefficient given by six independent variables ( 0.92 ) is merely somewhat better in gauging WQI compared to four independent variables ( 0.91 ) which demonstrates that ANN is capable of gauging WQI with acceptable truth when it is trained by extinguishing COD and pH as independent variables ( Juahir et al. , 2004 ) . Application of ANN has been extended to wastewater quality monitoring intents. Harmonizing to Hore et Al. ( 2008 ) , H2O organic structures have become more and more contaminated owing to dispatch of industrial waste. Therefore, it has been the main concern of scientists, applied scientists and ecologists to diminish the H2O pollution degree around the Earth to keep living viability and ecological balance. In this paper, the seasonal and positional fluctuation of effluent parametric quantities in a natural flowing watercourse has been observed and an ANN theoretical account is proposed to foretell the H2O quality. Tolly ‘s Canal was chosen as the horizon of this instance survey. Wastewater and sediment samples were collected from Tolly ‘s Canal and the River Ganges at different points and different seasons both at high and low tide conditions on a peculiar twenty-four hours. All the of import H2O quality parametric quantities were evaluated. To summarize and describe rive r-water quality, a new term, WQI, has been introduced. The WQI value is a dimensionless figure runing from 0 to 100 ( best quality ) . In this survey, the WQI is predicted by a simulative theoretical account utilizing an ANN. This theoretical account has been developed for the appraisal of the WQI and compared with the conventionally determined values of WQI. An MLP web with a individual hidden bed was used along with back-propagation algorithm. The consequences were found to be rather impressive. Therefore, the ANN proved to be an efficient tool to measure the WQI of any sample. ANN has been established in other types of field, such as chemical science where a group of research worker attempted to foretell peptide liquid chromatography elution times in proteome analyses. Harmonizing to Petritis et al. , ( 2003 ) , the usage of unreal nervous webs ( ANNs ) is described for foretelling the reversed-phase liquid chromatography keeping times of peptides enzymatically digested from proteome-wide proteins. To enable the accurate comparing of the legion liquid chromatography/mass spectometry informations sets, a familial algorithm was developed to normalise the peptide keeping informations into a scope ( from 0 to 1 ) , bettering the peptide elution clip duplicability to 1 % . The web developed in this survey was based on amino acid residue composing and consists of 20 input nodes, 2 hidden nodes, and 1 end product node. A information set of more than 7000 confidently identified peptides from the micro-organism Deinococcus radiodurans was used for the preparation o f the ANN. The ANN was so used to foretell the elution times for another set of 5200 peptides tentatively identified by mass spectra/mass spectometry from a different micro-organism ( Shewanella oneidensis ) . The theoretical account was found to foretell the elution times of peptides with up to 54 amino acid residues ( the longest peptide identified after tryptic digestion of S. oneidensis ) with an mean truth of 3 % . This prognostic capableness was so used to separate with high assurance isobar peptides otherwise identical by accurate mass measurings every bit good as to bring out peptide misidentifications. Therefore, integrating of ANN peptide elution clip anticipation in the proteomic research will increase both the figure of protein designations and their assurance. Integration of two statistical analysis were implented in a relevant survey of Quantitative designation and beginning allotment of anthropogenetic heavy metals in marine deposit of Hong Kong. Based on 10s heavy metals collected twice yearly at 59 sites from 1998 to 2004, enrichment factors ( EFs ) , PCA and APCS-MLR were used in designation and beginning allotment of the anthropogenetic heavy metals in marine deposit. EFs with Fe as a normaliser and local background as mention values was decently tested and suited in Hong Kong, and Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cd, Hg and Cr chiefly originated from anthropogenetic beginnings, while Al, Mn and Fe were derived from stones enduring. Rotated PCA and GIS mapping farther identified two types of anthropogenetic beginnings and their wedged parts: ( 1 ) electronic industrial pollution, riparian overflow and vehicle exhaust impacted the full Victoria Harbour, interior Tolo Harbour, Eastern Buffer, interior Deep Bay and Cheung Chau ; and ( 2 ) discharges fro m fabric mills and pigment, influenced Tsuen Wan Bay and Kwun Tong typhoon shelter and Rambler Channel. In add-on, APCS-MLR was successfully introduced to quantitatively find the beginning parts with uncertainnesss about less than 8 % : the first anthropogenetic beginnings were responsible for 50.0, 45.1, 86.6, 78.9 and 87.5 % of the Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg, severally, whereas 49.9 % of the Ni and 58.4 % of the Cr came from the 2nd anthropogenetic beginnings ( Zhou et al. , 2007 ) . The APCS-MLR assumed a additive relationship between the entire mass concentration and the parts of each component. The APCS-MLR assumed a additive relationship between the entire mass concentration and the parts of each component ( Thurston and Spengler, 1985 ) . Ln- and Box-Cox transmutations of these variables improved normalcy except for Fe and Al, and Fe, severally. Compared with the ln transmutation, the Box-Cox transmutation significantly reduced the lopsidedness of the informations, which was good to the multivariate analysis. Meanwhile, the negative effects of outliers in the to a great extent skewed natural informations were reduced by the Box-Cox transmutation ( Zhang, 2006 ) . Finally ( 4 ) the Box-Cox transformed datasets were standardized for PCA to minimise the effects of differences in measurement units and discrepancy and to render the information dimensionless ( Johnson and Wichern, 2002 ) . The chief intent of present survey was to utilize a multivariate statistical attack to sort lending beginning harmonizing to their interrelatedness and to foretell H2O quality of Kedah River. For this intent, principle constituent tonss of 30 physical, chemical, and biological H2O quality parametric quantities from this river were used as independent variables in PCA and ANN. It is proved that uniting two statistical methods provide a better reading of consequences and a much accurate prognostic theoretical account.Chapter 3Materials and Methods3.1. Study AreaSungai Kedah is more than 100 kilometers long, arising from the cragged countries surrounding Perlis and Thailand in the North and nor'-east. From here the river flows through hilly terrain and eventually through a broad coastal field. As a major river system in the province, Sungai Kedah flows through the territories of Kubang Pasu, Kota Setar, Padang Terap and Pendang. At present there are 54 H2O quality Stationss, 26 H2O discharge ( flow ) Stationss and one groundwater Stationss in the river basin. The bureau with the most extended H2O monitoring in this basin is MADA which operates more than 50 % of the entire Stationss. In this survey, I focused on Sungai Kedah, fluxing from the very bosom of the capital metropolis of Kedah. Sungai Kedah is more than 100 kilometers long, arising from the cragged countries surrounding Perlis and Thailand in the North and nor'-east. From here the river flows through hilly terrain and eventually through a broad coastal field. As a major river system in the province, Sungai Kedah flows through the territories of Kubang Pasu, Kota Setar, Padang Terap and Pendang. The natural basin is about 60 kilometers broad and 80 kilometers long and covers an country of 2,920 km2. The basin ranges from 400 metres high to the coastal fields. The coastal field is the Centre of rice cultivation. The province capital was founded over 250 old ages ago at the meeting of Sungai Anak Bukit and Sungai Kedah, which was the Centre for the rice trade. The coastal field is dominated by the Muda Irrigation Scheme covering an country of 966 km2. Runing across four territories and run outing a 3rd of the State of Kedah, Sungai Kedah plays a important function in the lives of the people. The dominant signifier of land usage in the basin is agribusiness ( 62 % ) . This is followed by woods cover ( 28 % ) , urban countries ( 6.6 % ) and H2O organic structures ( 3 % ) . Muda Irrigation Scheme, besides known as the Rice Bowl of Malaysia, is managed by MADA. 30 % of it lies within the Sungai Kedah Basin. Within Sungai Kedah Basin, there are besides irrigation strategies outside of the MADA country managed by DID. A entire figure of 17 such strategies are found in the 4 territories within the basin. These countries added up to about 3,500 strategies come from assorted beginnings, including Sungai Kedah feeders and MADA canals ( DID, 2007 ) . The Pedu, Ahning and Muda dikes in the upper catchment of Sungai Padang Terap Basin supply the State of Kedah and some parts of the State of Perlis with H2O for irrigation, every bit good as domestic and industrial utilizations throughout the twelvemonth. 26 % of Sungai Kedah Basin ( about 62,000 hectares ) comprises of lasting forest modesty in Bukit Perangin, Chebor Besar, Koh Moi, Padang Terap, Pedu and Sungai Badak. These lasting wood militias function as H2O catchment countries. During the rainy season, the catchment countries replenish the rivers and absorb big sum of rain H2O, thereby minimising hazard of deluging. During the dry season, the catchment countries replenish the rivers and provide uninterrupted supply of H2O. These woods are home ground of a diversified aggregation of works and carnal species. This includes the river terrapins which are threatened due to habitat devastation and inordinate egg poaching. The river terrapins are protected under the Kedah Terrapin Enactment 1972. The river is besides the home ground for fish species such as toman, rohu, belida, jelawat, patin and lampam.3.2 DatasDesignations of beginning allotment in river H2O quality utilizing both APCS and ANN in this survey should lend a better consequences and accounts to which parametric quantities takes the most important impairment. These H2O quality parametric quantities were measured within continuance of 1997-2006 at 6 Stationss. 3 other Stationss, viz. 2KD07, 2KD08 and 2KD09 were built and became operational beginning in twelvemonth 2005, which explains a deficiency of informations compared to other Stationss along Kedah River. The parametric quantities measured in all the 9 Stationss are Dissolved Oxygen ( DO ) , Biological Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) , Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) , pH, Ammoniacal Nitrogen ( NH3-NL ) , temperature, conduction, salt, turbidness, SS, DS, TS, nitrate, Cl, PO4, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, Na, Mg, , OG, MBAS, E. coli and Coliform. These informations were non absolutely complete, with a figure of losing informations in each parametric quantity. To get the better of this state of affairs, estimate utilizing norm of close neighbouring informations were performed in order for the analysing procedure to be smoother, particularly when utilizing XLSTAT to execute PCA. Another defect that can be found in the whole information set is some are shuting or under the restriction of measuring. This sort of defect can be identified with mathematical figure ( & A ; lt ; ) in forepart of the parametric quantities value. What can be done here is to merely added in by two to do it legalize for X LSTAT analysing procedure. In order to better the information I have obtained and guarantee the effectivity of multivariate analysis, the following were performed to my informations: ( 1 ) losing informations were estimated utilizing mean values and ( 2 ) values below the bound were replaced by bounds of sensing.3.2.1 Data PartitionThe information in nervous webs are categorized into two sets: preparation or larning sets. The acquisition set is used to find the adjusted weights and prejudices of a web. The trial set is used for standardization, which prevents overtraining webs. The general attack for choosing a good preparation set from available informations series involves including all of the utmost events ( i.e. all possible minimal and maximal values in the preparation set ) . a manner that both preparation and trial informations sets are statistically comparable. The trial set should be about 10-40 % of the size of the preparation set of informations. The H2O quality informations were divided into two se ts. The first set contained 70 % of the records and was used as a preparation set ; the 2nd trial contained 30 % of the records and was used as trial set.3.3 Statistical methodsPrinciple constituent analysis and unreal nervous web were performed on these 30 parametric quantities to rank their comparative significance and to depict their interrelatedness forms every bit good as to make a theoretical account base on existent river category and predicted river category. XLSTAT package is used to analyse the information with Principal Component Analysis and the Artificial Neural Networks were constructed utilizing Forecaster XL. The first measure taken is to execute PCA on all 30 H2O quality parametric quantities in order to rexclude undistinguished informations. After that, eigenanalysis were performed to pull out informations with characteristic root of a square matrix higher than 1 and a new group of variables was created as a resemblance of the whole information set. Varimax rotary motion was besides performed to obtain varimax factors of the rule constituents. In this sudy, merely varimax factors with values more than 0.70 ( ( positive or negative ) will be discussed. Based on the tonss from PCA consequences, a web of prognostic theoretical account was established. The chief ground of these method was to diagrammatically show the per centum of each rule constituents or variables part and/or importance towards the overall quality of the river. Mark value ( skj ) for jth observation in kth Personal computer was obtained from the weight of variables in Personal computers and standardized variables by utilizing the undermentioned equation ; Skj = t1k z1j + t2k z2j + †¦ + tpk zpj Where J = 1, 2, . . . , n is the figure of observation ; k = 1, 2, . . . , Q, the figure of selected Personal computer figure ; p the figure of independent variables ; Skj the standardized mark value of jth observation in kth Personal computers ; zpj the standardised value of pth variable of jth observation, calculated from omega = yp – & amp ; # 1263 ; /sx, where yp is the original value of pth variable ; and tpk the standardised weight of the pth variable in kth Personal computers. One attack was employed in utilizing Personal computer tonss that is, utilizes merely 9 Personal computers with Eigen values greater 1 out of 29 rules constituents. Eigenvalues can be thought of as quantitative appraisal of how much a constituent represents the information. The higher the characteristic root of a square matrixs of a constituent, the more representative it is of the informations. To find the public presentation of each of the selected web theoretical account, three different standards were used: the root mean square mistake ( RMSE ) , the prejudice, and the coefficient of finding or symbolized by R & A ; sup2 ; ( Chenard and Caissie, 2008 ) . The RMSE represents the mistake associated with the theoretical account and can be computed as: RMSE = ( & A ; amount ; ( ypi – oi ) & A ; sup2 ; / N ) ^ & A ; frac12 ; where ypi and oi represent the theoretical account computed and measured values of the variable, and N represents the figure of observations. The RMSE, a step of the goodness-of-fit, best describes an mean step of the mistake in foretelling the dependant variable. However, it does non supply any information on stage differences. The prejudice represents the mean of all the single mistakes and indicates whether the theoretical account overestimates or underestimates the dependant variable. It is calculated as: Bias = 1/N & A ; amount ; ( ypi – oi ) The coefficient of finding ( R2 ) represents the per centum of variableness that can be explained by the theoretical account and is calculated as: R & A ; sup2 ; = ( ( N & A ; sum ; oi ypi – ( & A ; sum ; oi ) ( & A ; sum ; ypi ) ) / [ N & A ; sum ; o & A ; sup2 ; one – ( & A ; sum ; oi ) & A ; sup2 ; ] & A ; times ; [ N & A ; sum ; y & A ; sup2 ; pi- ( & A ; sum ; ypi ) & A ; sup2 ; ] ) & A ; sup2 ; Adequacy of the created modelswas evaluated through reciting the comparative extent of engagement of assorted input variables in the theoretical account public presentation. Fitness of the created ANN theoretical accounts was checked through analysis of the remainders. In a dependent-independent variable mold attack, it is desirable to measure the comparative importance and part of each of the independent variables in a theoretical account and in subsequent calculation anticipation of the dependant variable. Here, we used partitioning attack to show the importance of independent variables for the end product bed instead than a individual end product node, working as to partition thesumof effects onthe end product bed ( Garson, 1998 ) . Here, the general web consists of 11 environmental variables. The importance of each variable can be expressed as ( Lee et al. , 2003 ) : I = & amp ; amount ; ( New Hampshire ) ( j=1 ) ABS ( wji ) / & A ; amount ; ( Nevada ) ( k=1 ) [ & A ; amount ; ( New Hampshire ) ( j=1 ) ABS ( wji ) ] K where New Hampshire is the figure of concealed nodes, Nevada is the figure of input variables, wji is the connectionweight from the ith input node to jth concealed node, and ABS demotes the absolute value of the map.Chapter 4Consequences and Discussion4.1 Chief Component TonssIn this survey, a set of 410 samples reasoning 30 H2O quality parametric quantities runing from the twelvemonth 1997 until 2006 was obtained. The ground to cover such big figure of informations is to cover all possible conditions and to perfectize any defect that may happen during the building of this theoretical account. The parametric quantities involved and examined in chemometrics analysis, or Personal computers are ; DO, BOD, COD, SS, pH, NH3-NL, temperature, conduction, turbidness, salt, dissolved solids, entire solids, NO3, Cl, Ca, PO4, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Oil and Grease, MBAS, E-Coli and Coliform. The first measure in measuring this confounding information set i