Coe of Ethics - 1625 Words

Code of Ethic Paper There are many healthcare organizations that follow their own mission with ethical values and company goals. The American Association for the Advancement of Science follows the mission statement of â€Å"advance science engineering, and innovations throughout the world for the benefit of all people.† (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2015) By following company goals, this statement can be reinforced. What are the organization’s goals and how are they tied to its ethical principles? There are 9 main goals the AAAS strive to achieve, they are the following: Enhance communication among scientists, engineers, and the public; Promote and defend the integrity of science and its use; Strengthen support†¦show more content†¦Even those whom do take it seriously still believe that because of who they are, they do not need to have any formal instruction in ethics. It’s no brainer that those who go through the schooling to become scientist that hasn’t learned how to be ethical tend to behave unethically in this career choice. This community needs both fields to dialogue on the same accord in order to have an understanding on the culture context within the science operations in order for the societal issues to open up by the scientific discovery and technology. Once they are hand and hand both parties view their decision making on the climate change. Both views are looking at the bigger picture on what will truly develop everyone to have the same mind set towards the science aspect on our well-being. â€Å"Professional Ethics Report (PER) is published by the AAAS Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights and Law Program, in conjunction with the AAAS Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility.The quarterly newsletter, which has been in publication since 1988, reports on news and events, programs and activities, and resources related to professional ethics issues, with a particular focus on those professions whose members are engaged in scientific research and its applications.†(Professional Ethics Report) Is it important that the organization’s ethical values support your ethical values? When supporting an organization and its cause it will more than likely be supported by your ownShow MoreRelatedEthics And Vision Of A Coe1583 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness shouldn’t take the implementation of a CoE lightly, as mistakes during the setting up can lead to inefficient practices. In order to gain the benefits of a CoE, organisations must take the time and follow these three steps. Step 1: Define strategy and vision The crucial part of creating success deals with defining the strategy and vision of the CoE. Without a clear strategy and a vision, it’s unlikely the CoE will boost other aspects of the business. In order to guarantee success, youRead MoreConceptual Framework Ethical Dispositions Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of overlapping statements regarding teacher ethics | Priority of specific ethical disposition/protocol and rationale | The professional educator makes a constructive effort to protect the student from conditions detrimental to learning, health, or safety. (AAE, 1994-2012).Challenging students to report inappropriate behavior, providing a positive and supportive environment that allows students to feel safe in reporting it. (COE-GCU Conceptual Framework, 2011). | Priority Ranking: 2StudiesRead MoreCoe Framework And Ethical Dispositions Comparison Matrix Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesCOE Framework and Ethical Dispositions Comparison Matrix Instructions:In the left-hand column, list seven instances of overlap between the Association of American Educators’ four principles of ethical teachers and the Teacher Candidate Proficiencies in Conceptual Framework. Be sure to cite each appropriately. In the right-hand column, state the priority from 1-7 (â€Å"1† being the most important) youwould assign this concept as an educator.State and defend your rationale. Use research to support yourRead MoreTeacher Ethics Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of overlapping statements regarding teacher ethics | Priority of Specific ethical disposition/protocol and rationale. | The professional educator makes a constructive effort to protect the students from conditions detrimental to learning, health, and safety. (AAE 2013)The professional educator should promote positive changes in the school/community that benefit the welfare of others.( COE- GCU 2013) | Priority: 1 I chose this Professional Deposition as number one because children areRead MoreEthical Issues in Healthcare1205 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Issues in Healthcare Technological and scientific advancement have become areas of great exponential change in the last century. The reverberations of this change is seen throughout nearly all aspects of human life from social evolution to the dynamics of education. Perhaps the most relevant alterations to humanity overall has been seen in areas concerning health, and our biological lives as humans in modernized cultures. The advancements in technology and science have directly translatedRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Issues1180 Words   |  5 Pagesnegative aspects. In order to be prepared for the ethical issues that will arise and to create an organizational competitive advantage, an intentional focus and effective communication of the code of ethics must be incorporated as a part of strategic planning. Sherwin (1983) indicates the that the term ethics, â€Å"refers to a set of moral norms, principles or values that guide people’s behavior† (cited in Brunk, 2012, p. 552). The importance of ethical awareness in organizations can be the difference inRead MoreEthical Case Study : Caught2576 Words   |  11 Pagesthe counselor’s career, he or she will be faced with a dilemma. So, the question is not if, but when the counselor is faced with an ethical dilemma, how will he or she address it? It is very important that resources such as colleagues, codes of ethics, rules and regulations and state laws are readily available to the cou nselor to be used when faced with an ethical dilemma. Most, if not all helping profession professional organizations encourage the use of some form of decision making model. TheRead MoreWomen s Leadership Of The Gcc Nations1305 Words   |  6 Pagesmajority of the above are hereinafter alluded to as COE Addresse Every COE Addressee is considered responsible for the full consistence with this Code regarding any issues inside his control. Sanctions for a rupture of this Code should be dictated by: (i) the Board of Directors of Royal Dutch Shell where it concerns the Executive Directors of Royal Dutch Shell or the Chief Financial Officer; and (ii) the Audit Committee where it concerns some other COE Addressee. Assents may incorporate genuine disciplinaryRead MoreGems Case1299 Words   |  6 Pagesproviding equipment and services such has training and consulting advisory tailored to country specific needs. GEMS had overtaken its competitors through Arbitrage; The GPC led to building of Centers of Excellence (COE). From these COEs 60-96% of the  products were shipped to other locations. COE were strategically located at developing economies which shipped its developed products to different countries (First world countries) which saved costs and time, thus maintaining its market leadership and addressingRead MoreWhat Does Hellen Nissenbaum Mean By The Problem Of Many Hands1753 Words   |  8 Pages1. What does Hellen Nissenbaum mean by the problem of many hands in a computing/IT context? Discuss this problem in the context of the Therac 25 case study. Analyze the above case using the philosophical ethics perspective. The phenomenon that, due to the complexity of the situation and the number of actors involved, it is impossible or at least very difficult to hold someone reasonably responsible is sometimes referred to as the problem of many hands. In a more recent article, Helen Nissenbaum

A Short Story Do You Understand - 752 Words

Do you understand? â€Å"They’re here!† shouted a voice from the hallway. President Martin looked up from his paper on tumbling economies on wall street. He wearily looked into the hall, when suddenly secret service members came bursting through the door and grabbed him from behind his desk. â€Å"Let’s go Mr. President, ready the shuttle, eagle is going underground.† President Martin was shunted forward out of the office down the hall and into the panic elevator. The red door closed and the elevator started downward. No one said a word, but thoughts flew through the president’s head. Who was here? What did they want? Does this mean war? Is it the Zulus again? The last thought was a little farfetched, but he could not rule out anything (President†¦show more content†¦He looked just in time to see a missile hit one of the cylindrical mechanisms. The red explosion turned into black smoke and the ship fell and smashed into the white house. The news reporter with the green tie put his finger to his ear. While the white house burned behind him, he said, â€Å"It seems the spaceship has crashed into the white house. And the president is dead.† He then continued to beat other passerby’s. The president sat back in his seat, he breathed a sigh of relief, happy that the invasion never actually occurred. He would have to tell the nation that he was still alive, much to their dismay. The main screen flashed on again. The presidents heart sank as another aliens face stared down at him. This alien looked more official, with eyes that were more sure, an almost suit looking piece of cloth on its body, and a flat hat sitting on its head. A pale middle finger rose from its hand. â€Å"I think he’s giving you the bird sir† said one of the guards who had the bad tendency to always speak his mind. â€Å"No son,† mocked President Martin â€Å"I think it’s for you.† The main screen shut off. The monitor for the outside of the white house showed another larger Fordish looking spaceship flew over the exploded second spacecraft. A tractor beam nabbed all evidence of the wreckage and took it into the hull of the ship. Afterwards a small stream of liquid was sprayed off the side of the ship and the spacecraft flew off into the sky. The president satShow MoreRelatedShort Story : My Genre 1356 Words   |  6 PagesShort Story My genre is a short story. The length is around 10 to 25 pages usually. With around 1500 to 2500 words. Short stories started around the 15th century, In the medieval period. Short stories were used as entertainment and also used to annotate history and beliefs. Short stories are basically a story focused on one point. Everything is based of on one single structure or event, and everything goes on around it. 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These are great literary examples to consider because of the contrasting viewpoints.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Cow brings a useful, and different perspective on murder by using soundRead MoreAccording to Arp and Johnson, â€Å"Literary fiction plunges us, through the author’s imaginative vision1200 Words   |  5 Pagesartistic ability, more deeply into the real world, enabling us to understand life’s difficulties and to empathize with others.† In the story The Metamorphosis by Kafka he uses his genius imaginative vision and artistic ability, making us understand and feel empathy toward his main character, Gregor. Kafka uses a tremendous amount of symbolism and metaphors to get us to feel the mood in the story and in general life’s difficulties. 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Reward and Recognition Theory

Question: Discuss about theReward and Recognition Theory. Answer: Introduction Every individual working in an organization has a motivational factor to perform the tasks and responsibility assigned to them. The motivation are classifies as an intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual to do the job effectively due to factors such as high job satisfaction or feeling of contentment at workplace. Extrinsic motivation can be derived from various factors such as base pay, rewards and monetary compensation etc. It is the duty of the HR to identify the motivational factor in every individual in order to optimize their performance to achieve organizational goals in the long run. The role of human resource has been identified as the most important in present day scenario. In todays world of competition where companies are taking various strategic decisions of growth and expansion in order to secure their position, what differentiates them is their competent workforce. Human capital is the most important factor which contributes in achieving the organizations desirable goals and objective. It is the responsibility of an HR to select, recruit and provide training to each individual so that they can contribute successfully in the growth of the organization (Aslam, et.al., 2013). The role of HR has not been limited to being a mediator between senior management and employees rather they are recognized as a strategic contributor because they dont just manage people but also ensure their strategic contribution towards the long term sustainable growth of the organization. In order to align individuals effort with the organizations vision and mission it is very import ant that every person believes in the managements decisions and stay motivated to achieve them (Tan Nasrudin, 2011). Here the role of HR comes into the picture. In order to optimize full potential of every individual they design certain policies and procedures in order to motivate them to perform their best. Motivation is the key force which drives every individuals performance. An employee cannot contribute efficiently if they dont have a motivational force. It is the responsibility of HR to identify the motivating factors in every individual and use them to achieve goals and objective. There are certain HR practices which are identified as the performance motivators in every organization. These are Reward and Recognition schemes (Cania, 2014). These schemes are known as an extrinsic motivation because it motivates employees to achieve targets in lieu of rewards. Internal motivation comes when an individual is satisfied with their work and they are willing to achieve more (Armstrong, Brown Reily, 2009). Rewards and recognition schemes works as convincing factors to help employees to attain their full potentials and over perform their targets. It not only helps to attain organization goal but also help individual to meet their career expectations and gives them a learning experience. It also helps to encourage healthy competitive behavior among employees. The main advantage of being competitive is that it pushes individual to cross their limits and be productive for the organization. Increase in productivity and efficiency of human capital will help every organization to achieve their goals and targets and outperform their competitors easily (Becker Huselid, 2006). The purpose of initiating reward and recognition programs in any organization is to give recognition and reward to the employees that help to support and contribute in achieving the desired goals and objective of the organization. Rewards are identifies as the form of compensation received by an individual working in the organization in both monetary and non-monetary terms for the contribution made by them in the organization. Rewards are often stereotyped as just compensation in monetary terms but there is more to it. Monetary rewards include a hike in salary, contingent pay which means paying extra for the target achieved and other employees benefits such as gift cards or paid vacation. A non-monetary reward includes performance appraisals, promotions, work recognition, growth, learning experiences etc. Recognition refers to the acknowledging and appreciating individuals contribution. Gone were the days when employees used to crave for money but now they want recognition and acknow ledgment for the work performed by them. Many people dont value rewards but all they want is that their work is appreciated. People who are internally motivated crave for recognition of their efforts. People who are not motivated, various monetary reward schemes are designed to motivate them to work efficiently and achieve targets. Distributing rewards is not a matter of concern but doing it in the fair and just manner to every deserving individual is important. Reward and recognition programs come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages. Retaining a talent in any organization is a matter of key concern in the todays world. Companies often cannot find individuals who are goal oriented and sincere in their work, but if they find someone capable they should try to retain them for the growth of the organization. Rewards and recognition schemes helps an organization to retain employees by rewarding their work and recognizing their effort time to time and motivate them to improve their productivity which results into reducing the turnover rate. Apart from retaining the employees it is very important that the organization recruit the deserving candidate. Rewarding the right people creates a positive image of the company in the outside world because people who are working there share their experiences and t hey represent company in front of the outside world (Vokic, 2016). This is an advantages for the organization as the people who want to join the organization in future see the employees working over there are well rewarded and appreciated they are motivated to work with them, thus ensuring the opportunity to attract and recruit the best of the talent (Dynamic business, 2015). Rewards and recognition programs improve the work culture of the organization because people are appreciated and motivated, thus creating a positive environment to work hard. It also encourages employees to work extra to achieve organization goals because they know that their efforts will be recognized and they will be a strategic contributor in achieving the goal of the organization. Absenteeism rate will also be low because people will be driven to work productively in order to achieve praises and rewards. But Rewards dont ensure quality, people may achieve targets or complete their work but it will all be for reward and may lack quality work. It may also spoil employees as they will be only willing to work hard when they will be provided with some rewards (Jiang, Qi Xiao, 2009). But overall it is recommended for every organization to initiate a reward and recognition program to motivate each and every individual to work efficiently. The thing that is to be kept in mind is that th e program should not affect the financial position of the company i.e. it should be economical and cost effective. There are certain companies who have outperformed their competitors just because of their reward programs. McDonalds is one of them. They are one of the Australias largest employers. The secret of their success is their strong recognition and reward program. In order to achieve growth and success the organization should treat each and every people who are involved in the daily operation of the business should be treated as the strategic contributor in achieving the goals (Patel Mujtaba, 2007). Efforts of every individual working should be recognized as rewarded in a fair manner. Thats what McDonalds does. They have clearly emerged as the people oriented organization because they feel investing in people will help them to be sustainable in the competition in the long run. They increase the self-esteem of the individuals by initiating recognition programs such as crew recognition program at the store level, organizing annual events to acknowledge the efforts of employees at the corpor ate level. They also provide monetary rewards in the form of gift coupons and appreciating every individual in the group and publishing their names in their monthly magazines WRAPT. The benefits of engaging in these programs are McDonaldss is operating in the service industry, where customer satisfaction can be ensured by providing good customer service (Alam et.al., 2013). The service providers are the employees of the organization who can only work well when they are motivated to do their work. Hence by providing everyone with fair rewards an organization can motivate individuals to work more with dedication and enthusiasm so that customer delight can be achieved. Reward program also boost the productivity of the employee working over there (Danish Usman, 2010). Recognition program in McDonalds have made every employee feel satisfied and content about their job which directly result in low turnover and high retention rate (Dobre, 2013). Recognition scheme main advantage is that t hey open the doors of promotion and progressing ahead in the career. It was mentioned in the case study that around three managing directors of the McDonalds started as employees, which means individuals efforts are recognized and they are promoted ahead. This is an example which motivates other employees in outperforming beyond their limits in order to grow and become future leaders of an organization. There are certain theories which were provided by various experts that relate directly to the McDonalds recognition scheme. Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs states that there are five needs that motivate people and individual will move on to the next stage when the other needs are fulfilled. These stages are physiological, safety, psychological, self-esteem and self-actualization. The need for money is classified in the physiological needs and the need for recognition is above the physiological needs (Kaur, 2013). It directly points out that after earning for survival an employee crave for recognition in the organization (Jerome, 2013). Another theory which can be related to McDonalds recognition theory is Frederick Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory. He clearly identified job motivators and hygiene factors that satisfied employees and amongst them Achievement and Recognition were on the top to attain job satisfaction. Expectancy theory can also be related to McDonalds reward and recognition scheme (Baah Amoako, 2011). The theory was given by Victor Vroom. This theory states that the performance of individual working in the organization is directly proportionate to the desire to achieve the rewards. Their job performance is motivated is affected by the desire to earn the reward. Here the driving force is the reward (Parijat Bagga, 2014). It can be clearly seen that Maslow, Frederick and Vroom focused on the need for recognition and achievement. Employee recognition program of McDonalds have ensured customer satisfaction and rather than treating their reward and recognition program as an expense, they called it is an investment which will be fruitful in the long run of the organization. Reward and recognition program are undoubtedly beneficial but they may levy a financial burden on the organization. Generally reward and recognition programs involve cash coupons, shopping vouchers, organizing events etc. which may be not cost effective for a mid or small size organization. HR practice of rewarding and recognizing employees efforts in McDonalds is very effective but also requires large investments. Non-profit organization like spastic center that does not operate on profit cannot spend on such Reward and recognition programs. The provide a nominal salary to its employees and then rest of the amount is paid in terms of other allowances such as food and entertainment which is also restricted to $16500 per year. What works best is the Non-monetary form of recognition (Chinkungwa Chamisa, 2013). Recognition programs are very important in these organizations because that is the only element which can ensure low turnover rate and high employees productivity (Burma, 2014). The various forms of recognition programs which can be implemented in Non-profit organization like spastic centers are: Praise, which involves praising the effort of individual by managers or senior authority in form of simple Thank you in front of the organization or a group of members. Another form of recognition and reward program can involve providing small gift vouchers as a token of appreciation which can involve travel voucher, recreational activity voucher, meal voucher, parking voucher or movie and shopping voucher. The benefits of giving these vouchers are they are not expensive. Nomination based schemes are also a form of recognizing an individuals effort which involves giving trophies, memento or certificates. The nomination for the deserving candidates is done by either the working staff through a poll, by top level authority or by the clients and customer based on the individuals performance. The benefits of Non-monetary reward and recognition program apart from being cost effective are that they help the employee to work for recognizing their efforts in terms of performance appraisals and appreciation rather than in monetary terms. This also ensures employee retention along with workplace satisfaction to the employee. This scheme works because it was already discussed above that the need for recognition is above the monetary rewards. When individuals are giving their time and resources to the organization they expect certain acknowledgment and appreciation from their employer. Reward and recognition program ensure that every individuals works gets appreciated so that they are motivated to work hard in the direction of achieving the companys vision and mission (Tessema, Ready Embaye, 2013). Conclusion The report states the importance of motivation of employees in the workplace. It discusses various rewards and recognition schemes along with its benefits to both the organization and employee. This impact of recognition schemes followed by McDonalds for their employees has been discussed along with its advantages. Various motivation theories have been states and all of them have discusses the importance of reward and recognition programs on the employees performance. The report concludes that rewards in monetary terms is not always important, recognition has been identified as the most important factor of motivation among the employees rather than monetary rewards. References Alam, S., Saeed, A.A.S., Sahabuddin, M., Akter, S. (2013). Relationship between employee recognition and employee contribution in service industry. International Journal of Business and Marketing Management. Retrieved from https://www.resjournals.org/IJBMM/PDF/2013/April/Alam_et_al.pdf on 3 February 2017. Armstrong, M., Brown, D., Reily, P. (2009). Increasing the effectiveness of reward management. Retrieved from https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/hrp6.pdf on 3 February 2017.4 Aslam, D.H., Aslam, M., Ali, N., Habib, B., Jabeen, M. (2013). Human Resource planning practice in managing Human resource: A literature review. International Journal of Human Resource Studies. Retrieved from www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijhrs/article/download/.../6131 on 3 February 2017. Baah, D.K., Amoako, K.G. (2011). Application of Frederick Herzbergs Two-Factor theory in assessing and understanding employee motivation at work: a Ghanaian perspective. European Journal of Business and Management. Retrieved from www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/download/642/535 on 3 February 2017. Becker, E.B. Huselid, A.M., (2006). Strategic Human Resources Management: Where Do We Go From Here? Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/48f6/cd5a88e39aead3f60b7dccedbb46bf2ebf7e.pdf on 3 February 2017. Burma, A.Z. (2014). Human Resource management and its importance for todays organizations. International Journal of Education and Social Science. Retrieved from https://www.ijessnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/9.pdf on 3 February 2017. Cania, L. (2014). The impact of strategic human resource management on organizational performance. Economia. Seria Management. Retrieved from https://www.management.ase.ro/reveconomia/2014-2/14.pdf on 3 February 2017. Chikungwa, T., Chamisa, F.S. (2013). An evaluation of recognition on performance as a motivator: A case of eastern cape higher education institution. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Retrieved from https://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/viewFile/1595/1604 on 3 February 2017. Danish, Q.R, Usman, A. (2010). Impact of reward and recognition on job satisfaction and motivation: An empirical study from Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management. Retrieved from www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/download/4061/4221 on 3 February 2017. Dobre, I.O. (2013). Employee motivation and organizational performance. Review of Applied Socio- Economic Research. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.repec.org/opt/ReDIF/RePEc/rse/wpaper/R5_5_DobreOvidiuIliuta_p53_60.pdf on 3 February 2017. Dynamic Business, (2015). Salary packaging as a business tool: Debunking the myths. Retrieved from https://www.dynamicbusiness.com.au/hr-and-staff/salary-packaging-as-a-business-tool-debunking-the-myths.html on 3 February 2017. Jerome, N. (2013). Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance. International Journal of Business and Management Invention. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b0bc/c8ca45193eaf700350a8ac2ddfc09a093be8.pdf on 3 February 2013. Jiang, Z., Xiao, Q., Qi, H., Xiao, L. (2009). Total reward strategy: A human resources management strategy going with the trend of the times. International Journal of Business and Management. Retrieved from https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/viewFile/4235/3672 on 3 February 2017. Kaur, A. (2013). Maslows need hierarchy theory: applications and criticisms. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies. Retrieved from https://www.ripublication.com/gjmbs_spl/gjmbsv3n10_03.pdf on 3 February 2017. Parijat, P., Bagga, S. (2014). Victor Vrooms Expectancy theory of motivation An evaluation. International Research Journal of Business and Management. Retrieved from https://irjbm.org/irjbm2013/Sep2014/Paper1.pdf on 3 February 2017. Patel, B., Mujtaba, G.B. (2007). McDonalds success strategy and global expansion through customer and brand loyalty. Journal of Business Case Studies. Retrived from https://www.cluteinstitute.com/ojs/index.php/JBCS/article/.../4949 on 3 February 2017. Tan, L.C., Nasrudin, M.A. (2011). Human Resource management practices and organizational innovation: assessing the mediating role of knowledge management effectiveness. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management. Retrieved from www.ejkm.com/issue/download.html?idArticle=289 on 3 February 2017. Tesemma, T.M., Ready, J.K., Embaye, B.A. (2013). The effects of employee recognition, pay, and benefits on job satisfaction: Cross country evidence. Journal of Business and Economics. Retrieved from https://www.academicstar.us/UploadFile/Picture/2014-6/2014615104651386.pdf on 3 February 2017. Voki?, P.K., (2016). Looking at HRM through the lens of agency theory- are suboptimal HRM practices a consequence of moral hazard? Dynamic Relationships Management Journal, 5. Retrived from https://www.sam-d.si/Upload/Articles/DRMJ.2016.v05n02a01.pdf on 3 February 2017.

Symbols and Symbolism in F. Scott Fitzgeralds T Essay Example For Students

Symbols and Symbolism in F. Scott Fitzgeralds T Essay he Great Gatsby Great Gatsby EssaysSymbolism in The Great Gatsby Symbolism is able to produce immense emotions. Fitzgerald applies symbolism to three of the most significant characters in The Great Gatsby to illustrate incisive sentiments. Fitzgeralds description of Tom Buchanans colossal house signifies Tom and his values. The red and white colors of the Buchanans mansion represent Toms personality. Red customarily exemplifies impurity and boldness, while white signifies Toms superior attitude towards other individuals. His red disposition is presented by the audacity of his exposed affair with Myrtle and his white character is portrayed through his racist comments throughout the book. A Georgian Colonial mansion signifies Toms racist personality due to the past history of the Southern states prejudices against African-Americans. We will write a custom essay on Symbols and Symbolism in F. Scott Fitzgeralds T specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Fitzgeralds diction of Colonial also expresses that Tom is old-money and was raised from a prep-school background, which alludes the reader that he is not a very open-minded character, but relies more heavily upon literary knowledge. The house is distinctly a portrayal of Tom and his bold, egotistical, racist, scholarly manner. Fitzgeralds usage of the green dock light symbolizes Gatsbys fantasies of Daisy. . ..he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone- he stretched out his arms toward his arms toward the dark water.. .and a single green light, that might have been the end of a dock.(26). Gatsby extends his arm and his very soul towards the green light, Daisy, for guidance and peace. This connection with the dock light allows Gatsby to be gratified while alone(189). If it wasnt for the mist we could see your home across the bayYou always have a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock(98). Although, Gatsby seldom comprehends Daisy he ceaselessly believes in her, similar to his incessant knowledge of the light. Gatsby occasionally understands her, but the majority of the time there is an obstacle in his way, such as the mist. The green light symbolizes Gatsbys persistent hope for Daisys acceptance, even during encumbrances. Gatsbys character is illustrated by his car. Fitzgerald states it was a rich cream colorand traced with a labyrinth of windshields that mirrored a dozen suns. ..(68). This depicts Gatsby as the new-money due to the rich cream color and a dozen suns, which indicates a golden hue. The gold represents earned money, rather than inherited money passed down through generations. she (Daisy) was very nervous and she thought it would steady her to drive Well, first Daisy turned away from the woman. ..and then she lost her nerve and turned back.. . Im just going to wait here and see if he tries to bother her about that unpleasantness this afternoon(151). Similar to how Daisy is able to turn the car any direction she pleases, Gatsby also permits Daisy to direct him. He remains faithful to Daisy, even to the perilous moments that precede to his death. Gatsbys sumptuous car represents Gatsby due to its beauty and its loyalty to the last second. Fitzgeralds use of symbolism is captivating and effective. It entitles the reader to meditate on his statements. When an individual reflects upon Fitzgeralds diction they detect meaning in the red and white Georgian Colonel house, the green dock light and an elegant car. It presents more material for the reader to examine and gain more understanding about the characters. Impulsively, these objects begin to symbolize significant characters emotions, such as Toms personality, Gatsby and his enduring love for Daisy and Daisys avarice.

The need for progress and change in the Maycomb of Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example For Students

The need for progress and change in the Maycomb of Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird is set in the run-down, slow, shuffling, Southern town of Maycomb in the 1930s. It is completely set in its ways, which have been tradition forever and therefore its residents have become utterly predictable to each other due to the fact that if you scratch most folk in Maycomb theyre kin to us. Outwardly, the community is divided into two sections: the white community and the black community. They live this way, because the white community see the blacks as ignorant and inferior because the blacks used to be slaves. Therefore, the two races live in segregated areas of the town. The blacks are simple, hardworking folk, making a living by simple labour on the fields. They are god fearing and attend church regularly. Being uneducated, they repeat the hymns sung in the church, by rote. The white community is then divided into three. There are four kindsa people Most of the citizens of the county are simple, work hard, attend church regularly, indulge in idle gossip, and have a nose for prying. We will write a custom essay on The need for progress and change in the Maycomb of Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The minority of the community, commonly known as white trash, including the Ewells are worse off than the blacks, despite being white. They are poor not because of circumstances but because of sheer laziness and lack of ambition. The children are filthy, have no manners, and even refuse to attend school. The Ewells are extremely racist. But the reasons that the Ewells, Bob in particular despise the blacks so much is due to their poor understanding and ignorance. They publicly show their racism for fear of being seen as inferior to the blacks. Perhaps if the children did attend school, they would become better informed and would not behave in such ways, but as they do not, they just continue to pass on the circle of racism. It is this part of Maycomb that desperately needs to change, because its lifestyle and morals are stuck in the past, and in To Kill A Mockingbird it is up to a small part of the community, that believes that all men are made free and equal and arent racist, like Atticus Finch and Miss Maudie, to change their ways. The town of Maycomb is described in To Kill a Mockingbird as an old town, but it was a tired old town. The town of Maycomb is situated in Alabama, one of the United States most Southern, and therefore, most racist states. There are never any new residents, as most people who chose to move during the 1930s, decided to go to the Northern states, as they were more modern, and industrialised, and most importantly, less racist. Therefore, everybody in Maycomb knows each other, and all of each others business, and so, indulges in gossiping idly about them. The symbol of the Courthouse is significant in To Kill a Mockingbird; at first, it is considered to be proud but over time this opinion changes. The old court-house clock suffered its preliminary strain and struck the hour, eight deafening bongs that shook out bones The clock, like Maycomb, needs to be changed to survive through making progress. Another symbol of the necessity for change in Maycomb is the fire engine. When, like racism, a fire spreads through Maycombs streets the fire engine is needed to put it out. However, the old fire truck, killed by the cold, was being pushed from town by a crowd of men. The hose burst and water shot up, tinkling down on the pavement. Nothing in Maycomb works properly, which reflects the everyday lives of so many of the towns inhabitants. Racism does not work and needs to be stopped for Maycomb to be able to progress as a town. Stopping racism is symbolised by Miss Maudie pulling up the nutgrass. She subjected it to blasts from beneath with a poisonous substance. When Scout replies, Why cant you just pull it up? Miss Maudie answers, Why, one sprig of nutgrass can ruin a whole yard and the wind blows it all over Maycomb County! ; describing that to get rid of the racism in Maycomb, you have to get rid of all traces of it. This is then proved in the novel, because the two most racist and vicious characters; Mrs Dubose and Mr Ewell both die. .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b , .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b .postImageUrl , .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b , .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b:hover , .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b:visited , .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b:active { border:0!important; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b:active , .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98cb0110da37b5c233040a6872b5b42b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arthur Miller"s Death Of Salesman EssayA theme well shown through the novel is that education is essential for progress to be made, and that children are the future. But even the education system is backward in Maycomb. Scout is a very intelligent, bright child, and cannot wait until the day that she starts school. I never looked forward more to anything in my life But she soon discovers that schools different. Scouts lessons are made up of useless topics. Miss Caroline began the day by reading us a story about cats. Scout, unlike the rest of her class, is perfectly literate, and therefore is bored out of her mind when told to learn the alphabet. she discovered that I was literate and looked at me with more than faint distaste. The education system uses a pigeonholing method of teaching, typical of the Democratic beliefs that run through the southern states at the time. try to undo the damage Scout and Jem learn so much more outside of the school than they do in school, because Atticus teaches them about life. However, Miss Caroline tells Scout, Your father does not know how to teach which is so ironic, as Atticus teaches Scout and Jem much more important lessons than those that they learn in school. Scout is told that she is not allowed to continue reading at home, and this devastates Scout, Until I feared I would lose it, I never loved to read. One does not love breathing This heavily emphasises the fact that reading, and education is as essential as air for progress to take place. It becomes very apparent that the people in charge of education know little about teaching methods when Scout describes the Current events period. The lesson does sound like a rewarding lesson for the school children, until the reasons why they have the period are made clear. Standing in front of his fellows encouraged good posture and gave a child poise; Scout sees the poor education she is receiving, and describes herself as inching sluggishly along the treadmill of Maycombs education system. The children are not allowed to transgress certain boundaries of education: We dont write in the first grade, we print. A good education is vital to avoid continuing the cyclical rut that is Maycomb. But due to the backward nature of the education system, Scouts teacher says that she will try to undo the damage of Scouts reading, when, if anything, reading at home will improve her education. What the children need to be educated is that everyones gotta learn, because nobodies born knowing that racism is wrong. When the gossipy community of Maycomb spreads malicious and inaccurate rumours about niggers and nigger lovers, the untainted, impartial children become accustomed to hearing them, and the rumours and disapproving taunts towards black people become engraved in the childrens minds and they will adopt these ideals into their lives: S what everybody at school says. It is here that Tom Johnson comes into the book. A rabid dog is roaming the streets, and to avoid innocent people being harmed by it, Atticus Finch, a non-racist, good-hearted man shoots it dead with one bullet. Only Atticus can kill the dog in one shot, and only Atticus can start to wipe out racism, symbolised in the dangerous contagious disease of rabies: Mr Finch, this is a one-shot job To completely get rid of racism, however will take a long time. I wont live to see the law changed, and if you do, youll be an old man Change is not easy, and doesnt happen overnight. The time that passes in To Kill a Mockingbird is unclear, And it had happened years ago. No, only last summer- no, summer before last emphasising the fact that change takes a very long time to appear significant. The story just gradually continues until something significant happens, like the school years passing to remind you of how old the children are. Jem was now in the sixth grade The children are the future, the children are the way forward, and it takes a child, and Scouts sweetness to stop a lynch mob. .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a , .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a .postImageUrl , .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a , .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a:hover , .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a:visited , .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a:active { border:0!important; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a:active , .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b346a17f0496f67fc6154aca4ea368a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Odysseus: From putting out a brushfire to destroying world famine EssaySo it took an eight-year-old child to bring em to their senses. That proves something that a gang of wild animals can be stopped, simply because theyre still human. Hmp, maybe we need a police force of children. The children arent yet tainted by what adults feel about the colour of skin, only when they grow up, do they start to understand what prejudice is, and only through the adults to the children learn to hate the black people. Let him get a little older and he wont get sick and cry The black communitys lives need to change, because they live in the most run down part of town, further away than the rubbish dump. They have the worst jobs, and are not entitled to an education, which is the only way out of their trap of poverty and ignorance. It is the only way for the blacks to be appreciated by the whites, and seen as intelligent, or important individuals. Zeebo, Calpurnias son is educated. He is literate, because his mother taught him to read, yet he has one of the worst jobs in Maycomb, rubbish man, despite his obvious capabilities. The final change that needs to take place is in the law system. Despite hearing the most blatant amount of evidence, despite the fact that the whole courtroom, on seeing the evidence that Atticus showed, knew that Tom Robinson was innocent. Theres no way no jury can convict on what we just heard The jury still found Tom guilty. To the children, each guilty was like a separate jab. However, the jury took over four hours to reach a unanimous decision. However, at least the jury had thought about all the decisions and it had taken 4 hours for some of the jury members to back down. Some of the jury members being Cunninghams, who earlier on in the novel were taking part in the lynch mob, who were going to lynch Tom Robinson. However, Atticus knew that the jury would charge Tom Robinson with rape, He was guilty the second Mayella Ewell opened her mouth Atticus left that case hopefully, because something had changed in the mind of the jury. Throughout the novel, it is made clear that for progress and change to be made, education and time is needed. However, when the education system is as poor as it is in Maycomb, it is much more difficult. The majority of the younger generations in Maycomb are badly influenced by their elders, continuing racism travelling through the generations. Racism needs to be stopped altogether, as portrayed by Harper Lee in the symbols of the nutgrass and the fire. Even a tiny amount of racism is easily spread. It is also clear that change takes time and is not going to happen all at once. Therefore, the non-racist part of Maycombs community is waiting eagerly for this change to happen.

Suffixes of Quality

Suffixes of Quality Suffixes of Quality Suffixes of Quality By Mark Nichol This post lists suffixess of nouns featuring a particular suffix are provided after the suffix. Suffixes attached to words to refer to a quality of being or a state or condition include the following: -acity: perspicacity, capacity -an: partisan, urban -ance: attendance, balance -ate: apostate, reprobate -cracy: democracy, theocracy -cy: residency, privacy -dom: kingdom, wisdom -ence: sentience, abscence -ern: western, cavern -ery: bravery, effrontery -escence: effervescence, adolescence -ese: legalese, Chinese -esque: burlesque, grotesque -ete: aesthete, athlete -ette: kitchenette, cigarette -ful: handful, earful -gamy: monogamy, polygamy -gon: pentagon, polygon -hood: brotherhood, neighborhood -ia: absentia, dementia -ial: editorial, colonial -ian: pediatrician, patrician -ine: canine, feline -ity: gravity, hilarity -ization: organization, fertilization -less: fearless, homeless -let: inlet, booklet -ling: underling, stripling -ness: kindness, darkness -ocity: velocity, ferocity -oid: spheroid, humanoid -phile: audiophile, bibliophile -ship: fellowship, governership -sion: discussion, dimension -th: length, strength -tion: station, attrition -tude: attitude, fortitude -ty: frailty, liberty -ure: failure, closure Words pertaining to medical or psychological conditions, or analogous states, often have one of the following suffixes: -algia: neuralgia, nostalgia -emia: anemia, hypogyclemia -iasis: psoriasis, elephantiasis -itis: appendicitis, tonsillitis -oma: carcinoma, hematoma -opia: myopia, hyperopia -osis: neurosis, psychosis -path: homeopath, sociopath -plegia: paraplegia, quadriplegia -pnea: apnea, orthopnea -trophy: atrophy, dystrophy Words denote a place where something specific occurs, or an entity with a certain responsibility, are augmented by the following suffixes: -ary: aviary, military -ium: auditorium, stadium -ory: laboratory, observatory Many words for types of ingredients or materials end with the following suffixes: -ing: clothing, writing -ings: seasonings, leavings An action or a process or procedure, or a belief, is expressed in words with these suffixes: -ade: blockade, promenade -age: storage, patronage -ism: racism, sexism -ment: measurement, movement -oscopy: arthroscopy, colonoscopy -ure: pedicure, closure Many words describing a person with a particular skill or vocation or who engages in a specific activity, or a person who or a thing that has a certain quality or purpose, end with this suffix: -ac: maniac, hemophiliac -ant: servant, applicant -ar: burglar, liar -ard: laggard, wizard -arian: disciplinarian -art: braggart, boggart -ative: preservative, derivative -crat: bureaucrat, aristocrat -eer: engineer, volunteer -ent: president, absorbent -er:hanger, teacher -ess: waitress, heiress -ian: guardian, Italian -ic: workaholic, alcoholic -ist: therapist, dentist -ite: parasite, dynamite -or: doctor, translator Note that -ess, which generally signifies a female practitioner (other examples are adventuress and poetess), is widely considered dated because it denotes an unnecessary distinction between genders. A female author, for example, is simply described as an author, not an authoress, and if her gender is pertinent, it may be referred to otherwise in written content. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.8 Types of Parenthetical PhrasesInspiring vs. Inspirational

Can Go company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Can Go company - Case Study Example On the other hand, the firm can outsource the storage function to competent providers. In the second video, online gaming implementation is a complex issue. The success of the firm depends on its responsiveness to market needs and sustainability of trading options. The other issues in the firm include hardware, software, and bandwidth complexities. One way of solving this has to include different stakeholders in the implementation stage. It will erode the possibilities of resistance and hurdles attached to implementation (Crawford, 2003). The second approach is that of involving technical expertise in developing and re-evaluating options in hardware, bandwidth, and software preferences. The third video presents the variance in merging the goals of the firm and the individual preferences and interests of employees. This poses much resistance in organizational direction and overall firm performance. The second issue that is depicted in this case is the hurdle of successful planning. One way of addressing this is through conducting enterprise-wide awareness campaigns for the purposes of stakeholder buy-ins (Crawford, 2003). The other recommendation is carrying out comprehensive data-mining efforts to make evidence based

The visibility of the Environmental reports Essay

The visibility of the Environmental reports - Essay Example 1. The elevation of social accountability and the current reach of the environmental responsibility of the corporate world? Is environmental responsibility addressing the real concerns or is it a public propaganda? 2. Prior research indicates that the firms used to elevate the social accountability as an employee welfare activity and ignore other related important operational information. A very little has been done to the environment improvement. There is no sustainable development but firms used to highlight specific events they have had organized. Firms from the seventies started concerning about environment to please the public and to get approved by the environmental & other governing authorities. The stringent laws imposed in response to the rapid pollution worldwide the firms were forced to abide the regulations specified by concerned authorities. 3. Socio Economic theory was used to examine the social accountability of the firm. 4. The theory describes about the authenticity of the disclosures about the environmental responsibility. The Socioeconomic theory demands for the release of both the extremes of the facts about the environment accountability of the firm which many companies were not providing at that time. The theory demands that the environmental reports are to released with the annual reports to enhance the accountability and visibility of the firm towards environmental awareness. However the firms used to release a separate report about the environment.

Love.report on Singapore Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Love.report on Singapore Airlines - Case Study Example It was also the first airlines to come up with satellite-supported in-flight communication system in 1991. The company is also credited with the idea of developing an International Culinary Panel comprising of worldwide prominent chefs, in addition to, the commencement of audio and video on choice facilities. Meanwhile, female air travel attendants, known as the Singapore Girls, have carried on the tradition of dressing in sarong kebaya outfit. Today, Singapore Airlines is one of the most reputed companies around the world. Changi Airport functions as the airline’s focal point from where it offers flight services to 35 countries around the world including regions of East Asia, South Asia, and South East Asia alongside the region between Australia and Europe. It is also known for operating the world’s two longest continuous commercial flights from Singapore to Newark and Los Angeles. The company is also attributed as the launcher of Airbus A380, the world’s bigges t traveller airplane. The financial performance of Singapore Airlines has always been encouraging with the exception of the year 2009-10. However, the company was able to recuperate and deliver excellent financial results in the year 2010-11 (Singapore Airlines, 2012). The P/E Ratio of Tiger Airways is slightly better than that of Singapore Airlines. This means that currently, investors are willing to pay more per dollar of accounted proceeds for Tiger Airways (Tiger airways Airline, 2011). However, taking other financial ratios into account along with the recent resurgence of Singapore Airlines after an unfortunate 2009-10 financial year, it can be stated that Singapore Airlines is more attractive in the eyes of investors as compared to the Tiger Airways. One noticeable divergence of the Singapore Airlines share price from the path of the ST index occurs during the period November 2010. During this period, the

The Concept Of Linguistic Variation

The Concept Of Linguistic Variation The ability of spoken language is believed (by many) to be attributed uniquely to humanity. Despite this evidently phenomenal existence the exact date of languages birth remains unknown and yet it continues to evolve. (Klein, 2009) The study of this ever mutable method of communication has come to be known as linguistics. However due to the communal and social nature of the human race the study of sociolinguistics could be said to more accurately represent language within human societies. Furthermore Linguists have known for some time that differences in language are tied to social class (Ross, 1954) Sociolinguistics is the study of the way in which language varies and changes in social groups (communities) of speakers, focusing primarily on the impacts of linguistic structures (such as sounds, grammatical forms, intonation features, words, etc) and social factors (such as a speakers gender, ethnicity, age, degree of integration into their community, etc). (Reference) The study of sociolinguistics has ancestry in dialectology, beginning in the 1960s (reference) partly due to the existence of inadequate methods associated with previous approaches to the study of dialect. Sociolinguistics uses recordings of informal conversations as its data; taking a significantly more scientific approach relying on quantitative analysis to highlighting dialect differences. How language changes (meme Theory) One possible reason for this change and transition of language through social groups may be attributed to a unit of cultural evolution, the Meme. A meme is defined as an idea, behaviour or style that spreads from person to person within a culture. (Dawkins,) By this definition a Meme acts as an evolutionary/replicatory unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols or practices, allowing transmission from one mind to another through an act of imitation such as writing, speech, gestures or rituals. This description of the Meme and its transmission can be applied to the Learning of language. Such learning requires, at its foundation, the ability to imitate sounds (Tomasello, Kruger, Ratner, 1993). One may be uncomfortable in describing something as complex as language as imitation, however, language clearly fit the evolutionary theory in regards to Memes. Information is copied from person to person, variation is introduced both by degradation (due to failures of human memory and communication) and by the creative recombination of different memes. Selection of this variation is then a potential result of limitations on time, memory, transmission rates and other kinds of storage space. Variation between Social Classes As described sociolinguistics is built on the foundations the presence dialect variation is from random, but are determined by what Weinreich, Labov and Herzog (1968) defined as orderly heterogeneity structured variation. This structure can be shown in a number of ways, particularly interesting from the sociolinguist perspective is the correlation often exhibited between linguistic structure and social status. Varieties of English can be identified into two groups referring to the changes of the variable (Figure 1). The variable (t) refers to the use of a glottal stop instead of [t], such as in the word bottle, which can be written botle to represent the changed pronunciation of the medial (middle) [t]. Most English speakers appear to glottalise final [t] in words such as cat, with no/little correlation to social class. This is not the case however for the use of glottal stops in the medial position, e.g., bottle (botle), butter (buter). This variant is associated with a social stigma. Table 1 shows the occurrence of glottal stops corresponding to social class in Glasgow for all positions within a word (including the final [t]) compared with that occurring only in medial position (Macaulay 1977). Upper class (Professionals) is represented by Class I whilst the working class is represented by Class III (unskilled workers). When considering the glottal stop in the medial position, the highes t social class show zero occurrences, while the lowest class uses 68.8%. The above linguistic variation is not isolated in its relation to social classes; there are of course many other variables in English which show similar sociolinguistically significant distributions. Trudgill (1974) showed the relationship for variables (ing) and (h) in a Norwich based urban dialect study (Table 2). Once gain the values show the percentage of variant forms used by different classes. The variable (ing) refers to variations of alveolar [n] and a velar nasal [ng] in words ending with -ing for example breeding and cooling. Once again a lower social status is associated a higher percentage of nonstandard variation (alveolar) rather than standard (velar nasal) endings. In common terms this variants is known as `dropping ones gs, and is a commonly recognised marker of social status over the English-speaking world. The variable (h) refers to the presence between [h] and lack of [h] at the beginning of for example heart (eart) and hand (and). This particular variation is slightly more complicated as most urban accents in England do not have initial [h]and as such no variable of it. However in regions that do represent both variants (present of and lack of initial [h]) a similar pattern is shown. The lower the individuals social status, the more likely he/she is to drop hs. As shown in all the examples above a common pattern appears to form (these cases have dealt with stable linguistic features) this can be plotted affectively as an s-shape curve. Figure 2 shows the correlation for the absence of present tense markers (she play rather than she plays) with social classes (Trudgill 1974) once again the lower the social class, the higher the variation from standard. As shown in figure 2 the data represents a continuum (s-shaped curve) despite differences between classes, this can be consider once again in a broadly evolutionary sense. Just as the transmission of linguistic features (memes) may be stopped by physical geographical barriers (i.e. mountain ranges, oceans), it may also be hindered by social class. This limitation results in boundaries between social dialects that tend not to be perfect. As such sociolinguistics has should be considered a quantitative approach not a qualitative method. Future Developments The above approach outlined for analysing language variation has been popular, being used across many speaking communities worldwide. However, whilst these studies have accepted the basic guidance (the linguistic variable), some have suggested (reference) that sociolinguistic studies have been naive by correlating social facts about the subject in isolation (gender, ethnicity and social class), rather than observing how social groups come to be and change over time, and subsequently analysing the variants that emerge as a result. As a result some studies have become to approach studies form a bottom up perspective, examining self-forming social groups and see linguistic structure reflect these grouping rather than starting with a broad social category, and look at the language use within it (a top-down approach). Research

Defending Walt Whitman

Perfect discipline is an attainable reality, but if it is not there, no alternative exists but to carry on with the available discipline. Similarly, prefect democracy is the dream of a true democrat but one is aware that the path to achieve it is strewn with thorns. The suave politicians and the literary stalwarts all over the world are â€Å"carrying on the conversation that Whitman initiated over 150 years ago—a dialogue about democracy, poetry, love, death, and the endless permutations of life that he believed would define America and eventually produce a republic equal to its ideals.†(Sherman†¦) â€Å"Walter Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and Realism, incorporating both views in his works. †¦. Whitman is among the most influential and controversial poets in the American canon. His work has been described as a â€Å"rude shoc k† and â€Å"the most audacious and debatable contribution yet made to American literature. † (Walt†¦. ) Sherman Alexie was born in October 1966. His famous quote reads like the mission statement of an institution.His eternal craze for literary creations and the vast areas of literary subjects that he wishes to tackle is reflected in this statement: â€Å"†I know I have so much left to say and I don't know how much time I have left to say it all. † This statement indicates the thinking style and beliefs of Alexie are deeply impacted and influenced by Whitman. In the poem, â€Å"Defending Walt Whitman†, he makes the explicit mention of Whitman’s ideals and ideologies, and how they have influenced the thought process of the Americans, and consequently their action processes for the last fifteen decades.Alexie highlights that Whitman is deeply concerned about the social imperfections in the American society. To achieve the level of democracy in the real sense, people need to be basically sound and industrious, and basic conditions need to be created for the people to become basically sound and industrious. Communal and individual democracies are alternative beats of the same heart of a Nation and they are achieved through justice and fair-play.Deficiency in any one of them is not good for the overall health of the Nation. In a Nation, if the individual suffers, one need to assume that either the democratic principles are deficient, or the implementation process is corrupt and defective. If the society as a whole suffers, that can not be a perfect democracy. It is like the scale of justice. Both arms of the scale (in this context the society and the individual) are equally important to strike the correct balance.â€Å"Whitman's continual wrestling with the problems and challenges of the emerging American democracy and the developing American democratic art has had a surprisingly widespread impact on other countries as well, where his democratic ideas and radical poetics have taken root and emerged in new hybrids as his work mixes with other national literatures. † (Re-Scripting. ) Walt Whitman has deeply influenced and impacted the scene of the various poetic traditions. A poet, apart from his love for poetry, conveys important messages to the people through the poems.Many issues also depend upon people’s understanding of the poetry. Some view him as the poet of socialism, radical sexuality, and also spiritualism. All mind-level philosophies and ‘isms’ mostly lead to quarrels, disagreements, arguments and counter arguments. Spirituality transcends the barrier of mind, where total bliss alone exists, and as such that zone is free from contradictions. At that level, all clashes cease, and hearty understanding triumphs. All types of diverse schools of poetry find the oases of unity in Whitman’s poetry, because its roots are in spirituality.In the poem, â€Å"Defendi ng Walt Whitman† Sherman Alexie writes, â€Å"Walt Whitman shakes because he believes in God. Walt Whitman dreams of the first jump shot he will take, the ball arcing clumsily from his fingers, striking the rim so hard that it sparks. Walt Whitman shakes because he believes in God. †(Umbrella†¦. ) This is a profound observation. Any action small or big, done without the motivated desires, is supposed to bring, in the ultimate analysis, sterling results. An action has the reaction and the intensity of the reaction is in proportion to the intensity of the action.This is the universally accepted by the spiritualists and the scientists. No action, no human effort can go in vain. Having done all the efforts, if one acts on in the world outside with supreme faith and surrender at the feet of God, the results are bound to be precedent-shattering. In the poem one sees the basketball players striving to be perfect to achieve their goal of victory. Their â€Å"all arms and legs and serious stomach muscles. † (Umbrella†¦. )To achieve that level of perfection, the players have worked very hard, have undergone rigorous training.The poet compares them to â€Å"the twentieth century warriors who will never kill. †(Umbrella†¦. ) They do not possess cruel physical instinct to kill; but they have cultivated the physical instinct for the winning formula. â€Å"The remarkable fact is that everyone, at some point, has to confront Whitman, wrestle with his structuring of poetry, the nation, democracy, and the self: â€Å"I am large,† he said, â€Å"I contain multitudes† †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ To possess such dominant strength and secure universal appeal is possible only on the basis of spirituality, as secular principles lead to contradictions.Spiritual principles, when practiced with sincerity and devotion lead to unity and universal brotherhood. That authors and poets of all genres, notwithstanding their race, nationality, gender a nd ethnicity, seek solace in one form or the other in the Whitman’s poetry. Whitman exhibits the intrinsic strength of his ideas, which beats all artificial human barriers and goes in search of the all-embracing truth. The nineteenth century American poet tackles a basketball game on a twentieth century Indian reservation. Basketball is Alexie’s favorite topic.Can basketball be the subject matter and theme of serious poetry? Alexie shows it is possible from the viewpoint of Whitman. He tackles an original theme, and he does not hesitate to breakaway from the normal subject matters of poems, rhyme and standard meter. Alexie sees music and unusual charm in the physical movements of the basketball players, and compares them to the war-efforts of the warriors, though they do not fight war in the real sense. But their spirit is war-oriented. No basketball player likes to lose the game.He uses all his bodily strength and will power in movements to outsmart the opponents. It is a dynamic game. Every player is trained to play with dynamism without surrender until the last shot is taken. It is the war of nerves and intelligence, without the ceasefire! Every pass is calculated to win. Hard work from the physical aspect and the call of the spirit lead to victory in the basketball game. Alexie is certainly aware of the powerful dynamics of combining the poetic Whitman with the energies and angles of the game of basket ball.The beauty of a perfect shot is compared to the flawless efficiency in one’s pursuit, which is a divine quality. Alexie writes, as he refers to one such perfect shot of the basketball, â€Å"God, there is nothing as beautiful as a jump shot on a reservation summer basketball court where the ball is moist with sweat, and makes a sound when it swishes through the net that causes Walt Whitman to weep because it is so perfect. †(Umbrella†¦) This weeping is the cry of joy! The joy of achievement, after all the hard and intell igent work for a long period! It is the favorable result of the relentless pursuit.Conclusion: Communal and individual democracies are alternative beats of the same heart of a Nation and they need to be achieved through justice and fair-play. Deficiency in any one of them is not good for the overall health of the Nation. One may wonder what the game of basketball has to do with perfect democracy. They say, efficiency in work is the ultimate goal of a human being. What you do is not important. But how you do, what you do is more important. The beauty of the basketball game is, for every shot that you plan, your have the rebuff of a counter-shot with a parallel plan.Your need to think in advance of such counter-shots, and transcend all sorts of opposition to achieve the winning shot! Alexie elucidates the beautiful spiritual level, achieved through the equipment of the physical body as he writes, â€Å"Look there, that boy can run up and down this court forever. He can leap for a reb ound with his back arched like a salmon, all meat and bone synchronized, magnetic, as if the court were a river, as if the rim were a dam, as if the air were a ladder leading the Indian boy toward home. † You needs to have the will to grow and grow you will.Alexie Sherman has given a very interesting poem, â€Å"Defending Walt Whitman. † The theme and the style of the poem evoke not only curiosity but they are thought-provoking. As the poem progresses, it attains new spiritual dimensions and elucidates the meaning of struggles and beauty of human life. It seems to convey the message that duty and perfection are the harbingers of human prosperity. The basketball game seems to convey that there is no victory or defeat, the reality is only permanent efforts! ================ References Cited:Sherman AlexieSherman has published more than three hundred poems, stories, essays, †¦. Walt Whitman dreams of the Indian boy who will defend him, †¦ www. geocities. com/Pari s/Cafe/2726/Sherman. html – 16k – Cached – Retrieved on July 22, 2008. Re-Scripting Walt Whitman: An Introduction to His Life and Work †¦ â€Å"‘Live Oak, with Moss' and ‘Calamus': Textual Inhibitions in Whitman Criticism. † Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 14 (1997), 153-65. Palmer, Carole. †¦ www. whitmanarchive. org/criticism/current/anc. 00152. html – 391k – Cached – Retrieved on July 22, 2008.Walt Whitman SummaryContemporary Spokane Indian poet, Sherman Alexie, has also been influenced by Whitman, mentioning him explicitly in his poem â€Å"Defending Walt Whitman†. †¦ www. bookrags. com/wiki/Walt_Whitman – 73k – Cached – Retrieved on July 22, 2008 Umbrella: Defending Walt Whitman18 Sep 2005 †¦ Defending Walt Whitman. Basketball is like this for young Indian boys †¦ Walt Whitman shakes. This game belongs to him. — Sherman Alexei†¦ jeffwietor. blogspot. com/2 005/09/defending-walt-whitman. html – 17k – Cached – Retrieved on July 22, 2008.

Ethical Issues in Information Technology Essay

The society develops with unbelievable speed, from telegraphy, telephone, radio of 19th century to the modern 21th century, which is the Age with rapid developing and growing of knowledge and information. For example, Internet has been used widely everywhere in the world. We call it â€Å"global, Web-based platform, this platform enables people to connect, compute, communicate, compete, and collaborate anywhere, anytime to access limitless amounts of information, services, and entertainment†(Rainer & Cegielski, 2011 ). It is so obvious Information technologies benefit us a lot; in the meantime, IT also can raise new ethical problems. Ethics is a system of moral principles, or branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such action. They include responsibilities, accountability and liability. â€Å"The major ethical issues related to IT are privacy, accuracy, property, and accessibility to information† (Rainer & Cegielski, 2011). Privacy is the state of being free from unsanctioned intrusion. Now the right to privacy is considered by federal government as common law. Solution Usually after huge damages or losses of some individuals, organizations or institutions, government comes up some privacy act for regulation and protection purposes. Privacy policies are an organization’s guidelines for protecting the privacy of customers, clients and employees. They are an attempt to reduce crimes such as privacy, copyright infringement; identity thief. The U. S. Congress implemented Acts address the ethical issues necessitating the creation of the acts and the advances in it. Let’s see the following examples. Do Not Call Implementation Act We know organizations are able to collect, integrate, and distribute enormous amounts of information on individuals, groups, and institutions through computer networks. For example, a lot of people experience receiving commercial calls for business selling or survey, waster people’s phone bill and disturb personnel lives. According to â€Å"National Do Not Call Registry† (2011), â€Å"Congress passed the Do Not Call Implementation Act on January 7, 2003. The Federal Communications Commission opened registration for the Do Not Call Registry on June 27, 2003 in order to comply with the Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003. The program has proved quite popular: as of 2007, according to one survey, 72 percent of Americans had registered on the list, and 77 percent of those say that it made a large difference in the number of telemarketing calls that they receive (another 14 percent report a small reduction in calls). Another survey, conducted less than a year after the Do Not Call list was implemented, found that people who registered for the list saw a reduction in telemarketing calls from an average of 30 calls per month to an average of 6 per month. † No Electronic Theft Act Intellectual property is the intangible property created by individuals or corporations that is protected under trade secret, patent, and copyright laws (Rainer & Cegielski, 2011 ). The most common intellectual property concerns related to IT deals with software. Copyright software without paying the owner is a copyright violation. We heard a lot of complains from copyright victims. It is very unfair for the people gain benefits by stealing the other people’s achievement through hard-working. â€Å"Congress enacted the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act in 1997 to facilitate prosecution of copyright violation on the Internet. The NET Act makes it a federal crime to reproduce, distribute, or share copies of electronic copyrighted works such as songs, movies, games, or software programs, even if the person copying or distributing the material acts without commercial purpose and/or receives no private financial gain. Prior to this law being passed, people who intentionally distributed copied software over the Internet did not face criminal penalties if they did not profit from their actions. Electronic copyright infringement carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison and a $250,000 fine† (University Information Technology Services, 2010). Conclusion There have been advances in IT that have been an asset to business today. The advances can reduce risk, minimize cost, and maximum efficiency. When we take advantages from IT, we still need protect privacy and intellectual property. Whether you run your own business or work in a large company, you’ll be challenged by these issues, and you’ll need to know how to deal with them. We need learn how to identify the threats to information security, and understand various defense mechanisms to protect information systems. Let’s follow the privacy act to avoid the ethical issues in IT field. In that way we can protect ourselves and enjoy the benefits which the modern information technologies bring to us.

Success of vertebrates The WritePass Journal

Success of vertebrates   Introduction Success of vertebrates   IntroductionReferencesRelated   Introduction Vertebrate mean backbone and every species in the vertebrate classes has a backbone.   Phylum chordatata contains the most familiar species, which includes humans. All chordates have several things in common that occurs in some stage of their development. They have pharynged slits, which are openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck. These are often used as gills, and are only present in humans when they are at the early stage of development (foetus). A tail is also present, which extends past the anal opening.   The main feature is the notochord, which is a rod that supports the nerve cord and this is present in all species. The nerve cord is a bundle of nerve fibres which connects the brain to every muscle and organ in the body. These nerve fibres are used to send messages to organs and muscles from the brain. In most species these features disappear with age. There are about 44.000 species in three subphylum’s groups (Matthew Morris15/05/ 2003). Vertebrata is the largest subphylum with the more well known animals such as: mammals, reptiles, fish, aves, amphibians. Every animal with a back bone is present in vertebrate subphylum. All vertebrates have a skeleton of either bone or cartilage and there brain is protected by a bony cranium which consists of three parts. They have well developed hearts with three or four chambers and have a closed circulatory system. There are 41700 species in eight different groups and they are as follows: Amphibia (frogs, salanders), Aves (birds), Cephalaspidomorph (lamprey), chondrichthyes (hag fish), osteichthyes (bony fish) and reptilian (crocodiles, snakes, turtles). Agnatha which are also known as jawless fish is a lower class vertebrate and the best representative for this vertebrate is the marine lamprey (petromyzon). This fish is eel like in its appearance, but much more primitive in its structure than true eels, which are more developed bony fish. The lamprey body is very soft and scale less and its skeleton consist of just cartilage (it lacks bone completely). There are no traces of paired fins and most of all it is completely jawless. The lampreys rounded mouth cup forms an adhesive disc, which it uses to attach to other fish that it preys on as a blood sucker. It has a rough tongue like structure in the mouth that is good substitute for having no jaw bone. There is just one nostril opening which is situated on top of its head, and having a hypophsial pouch combined with it. The gills passages in typical fish are slits, but in the lamprey they are rounded pouches, which are connected by narrow tubes with the pharynx and body surface. Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes) date back to the Devonian period and fossels that were found resembled sharks. The animals of today are made up of about eight hundred species which include; sharks, skates and rays. The cartilaginous fishes got their name from the fact that their skeleton is made of cartilage, not bone. With their gills exposed to sea water, all marine fishes are faced with the problem of conserving body water because Sea water is about 3.5% salt, which is over 3 times that of vertebrate’s blood. The cartilaginous fishes solve that problem by maintaining a high concentration (2.5%) of urea in their blood (which is far higher than the 0.02% of other vertebrates) that is in osmotic balance with sea water. This ability develops late in embryo, so the eggs of these species cannot simply be released in the sea, but there are two solutions to this and they are: Enclose the egg in an impervious case filled with isotonic fluid before depositing it in the sea and, Retain the eggs and embryos within the mothers body until they are capable of coping with the marine environment. Both these solutions require internal fertilization and the cartilaginous fishes were the first vertebrates to develop this. The pelvic fins of the male are modified for depositing sperm in the reproductive tract of the female. Bony Fishes (Osteichthyes) as the name indicates their skeletons are made of bone and they are divided into two groups which are: ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii). Ray-finned fishes have thin fins that are supported by the spine and there are around thirty thousand species. the only Lobe-finned fishes that are still around today are one possibly two species called coelacanth, which were thought to be extinct and several species of lungfish that are found in Africa, South America, and Australia.In additions to gills, these fishes had a pair of pouched outgrowths from the pharynx which served as lungs. They were inflated with air taken in through the mouth and may have provided a backup gas exchange organ when the water became too warm and stagnant to carry enough dissolved oxygen. Their kidneys were adapted for the hypotonic environment in which they lived.   These animals diversified through the remainder of the Devonian period (which is oft en called the Age of Fishes). Some migrated to the oceans. In this more stable environment, their lungs became transformed into a swim bladder with which they could alter buoyancy. Their kidneys became transformed as well adapting them to their new hypertonic surroundings. The nostrils of bony fishes open only to the outside and are used for smelling. Some of the lobe-finned fishes developed internal openings to their nostrils. This made it possible to breath air with the mouth closed as modern lungfishes do. These rare modern lobe-finned fishes are the sole survivors of once-flourishing groups that also gave rise to the tetrapods - the four-legged vertebrates. In the Devonian (perhaps as early as 395 million years ago), the paired fins of some sarcopterygians moved under the body and developed limbs (complete with digits). This enabled them to venture out on land. So once again, evolution was opportunistic giving rise to the first land vertebrates, the amphibians. Amphibians in its class included all cold blooded species that are in between the evolutionary development of fishes and reptiles. They Include 4 living species which are the frogs, toads, salamanders and newts. Amphibians were the first vertebrates to move from a water habitat to a earthly one, and they are also the ancestors of all reptiles, birds, and mammals. Although there are a few species that live their lives in water, most spend a lot of time on land. Most Amphibians are species of the class Amphibia and are vertebrates easily recognised by their ability to live on land and water. amphibians have an aquatic larval, or tadpole stage that metamorphises into an adult. Amphibians are believed to have evolved from either the lobe-fin fishes (Crossopterygii) or the lungfishes (Dipnoi). These fishes had an advantage over other fishes by the fact that they had lungs. They could breathe on land which ment that when there was a shortage of water they could use there fins to pull thems elves onto to land to search for another water source and in time they became less dependant on water. Reptiles came into being about 315 million years ago, when amphibians developed two unique features, which were; skin and an egg covering that helped stop water loss and this is how they evolved into reptiles. These two adaptations allowed reptiles to become a dominant life form on land, as where amphibians are dependant on water to survive. The main success for reptiles was being able to produce offspring on land. Most reptiles lay eggs that are hard and brittle, or covered with paper like shell. Some reptiles like snakes and lizards are ovoviviparous, which means they give birth to living offspring that hhatch from an egg from inside the female and then she gives birth. Birds have been termed glorified reptiles but are treated as a different class (aves). They are a far removed species from the general reptilian group because from that group there was a flying species called the pterosaurs. The aves are not descended from pterosaurs, they are descendants from another flying species called archosaur which had feathers instead of membrane. In birds we see a group of vertebrates that in a lot of ways is not considered a high level class of species like mammals. Birds can be trained but seem relatively much less capable of learning by experience than mammals. On the other hand they show innate behaviour patterns of a complexity unknown to mammals. A lot of these patterns are related to social behaviour for example, courtship, nest building and rearing there young. Mammals are vertebrates that have hair, a four-chambered heart and mammary glands (sweat glands), which is where the name mammal came from because they are the only animals that have sweat glands. Mammals first came about 200 million years ago during the Jurassic Period and there are about five thousand four hundred living species of mammals today that differ greatly in size, form and adaptations. Mammals inhabit every country and have occupied a wide variety of places, which include grasslands, wetlands, scrublands, seas and oceans, below ground, forests, mountaintops, Polar Regions and deserts. Mammals range in size from the minute bumblebee bat which measures a mere three centimeters in length, to the massive blue whale, which can measure up to 33 meters from head to tail, which makes it the largest animal alive today. Although mammal’s species vary in form, they do share some rare characteristics and they are; that their lower jaw bone which carries the teeth attaches directly to the skull. In other vertebrates, the jaw bone is one of multiple bones that does not attach directly to the skull. Mammals also have a unique arrangement of three bones, which are; the incus, malleus and stapes, that located in the middle of the ear. These bones turn sound vibrations into neural impulses. Two of these bones, the incus and malleus, originated as bones within the jaw. Another feature which is unique to mammals is that they have two lumps on the base of the skull (known as a double occipital condyle) which are used to hold the skull in the top neck vertebra, but in other vertebrates, the base of the skull has only a single lump. Hair is also unique trait to mammals because no other animals in the other class of vertebrates have true hair and all mammals have hair covering at least some part of their body at some time during their life. Hair grows from skin cells called follicles and it is made of a protein called keratin. Hair serves many functions which differ in different animals and they are to insulate, to conceal, to signal, to protect, and to sense the immediate surroundings. Insulation is to keep heat in the body, but it also helps to protect the body from too much heat as in the case of diurnal desert animals such as the camel. The coloring of hair on animals helps them to conceal themselves from predators or prey because some animal’s fur matches their habitat. Hair also provides by its color a means of signaling other members of ones o wn species (e.g., the white tail of the white-tailed deer, flashed by a fleeing animal to signal danger) or members of other species like the skunk which has a big white stripe down its back which is warning to predators. The hair also serves to protect the skin from abrasion and from excessive UV radiation. The success of vertebrates lies in the evolution and adaptation which helped vertebrates to survive on land, in water and in different climates all around the world. References DeBlase, A. F. and R. E. Martin. 1981. A manual of mammalogy. Second Edition. Wm. C. Brown, Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa. xii+436 pp. Pough, F. H. J. B. Heiser, and W. N. McFarland. 1989. Vertebrate Life. Third Edition. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. xiv+904 pp. Romer, Alfred Sherwood, Thomas. S. Parsons, The Vertebrate body Fifth Edition, Philadelphia;London: Saunders 1977 Savage, R. J. G., and M. R. Long. 1986. Mammal Evolution, an Illustrated Guide. Facts on File Publications, New York. 259 pp. Vaughan, T. A. 1986. Mammalogy. Third Edition. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, Orlando Fl. vii+576 pp. Young, J, Z, (John Zachary), the life of vertebrates third Edition, Oxford; clarendon Press 1981 Catered to those in Grades 1 through 8: https://bestvpn.org/kids-research-and-education-links-database/ Focused more on college/academic sources: https://bestvpn.org/academic-research-guide-and-link-portal/ Matthew Morris, 15th may 2003 anglefire.com/moz/animals/phylum/chordata.html 18th mar 2011