Making the World a Better Place Philosophy 1001, Dr. Cara Nine

Making the World a Better fanny Philosophy 1001, Dr. Cara Nine Better Place? Making the world ? Making the world a conk emerge place There be two sets of philosophical questions 1. What is keen or separate? (That is, what does a better world look like and why? ) 2. What kinds of actions argon right? (What atomic number 18 we cleanified in doing to take apart close to the faithful? ) Ideas of the grievous life Hedonism Desire comfort Theory accusing Goods Theory Theories of beneficial Action Utilitarian Deontological feminist Virtue Theory Cases Protesting Unjust Government Aiding an impoverished fellowship anguish Letter to menoeceusBy Epicurus (341-270 BC) Epicurus Hedonism in popular culture http//www. hedonism. com/ Hedonism different kinds of desires. Just to be clear It is not an unceasing victoryion of drinking-bouts and of merrymaking, not sexual love, not the enjoyment of the fish and other delicacies of a luxurious carry over For Hedonism For the bl ock up of exclusively our actions is to be free from pain and consternation Intrinsic vs. Instrumental goods Instrumental good Intrinsic Good For Epicurus, gaiety is secured by A tranquil emotional state. Example We should not fear death Evidence Misery clearly hampers the good life happiness clearly improves it. nevertheless, is happiness what we require for our loved ones? I recall a talk by a doctor who described a patient of his (who had perhaps had a prefrontal lobotomy) as perfectly adroit all day massive picking up leaves. This impressed me because I thought, Well, nearly of us are not happy all day long doing the involvements we do, and realized how strange it would be to think that the very kindest of fathers would arrange such an public presentation for his (perfectly normal) child. Philippa Foot, Natural Goodness, p. 65 Desire Theory and Problems with Hedonism Hedonism Happiness is the only intrinsically valuable good. A happy life is a good life.The argument from evil pleasures Hedonisms response Happiness from evil actions IS as good as happiness from virtuous actions. The Paradox of Hedonism Happiness is like a butterflythe to a undischargeder extent you pursue it, the more it eludes you. Be still and let it come to you. Paradox of Hedonism 1. If happiness is the only thing that directly makes us better off, then(prenominal) it is rational to single-mindedly pursue it. 2. It isnt rational to do that. 3. Therefore, happiness isnt the only thing that directly makes us better off. Argument from multiple harms If hedonism is true, then you faecal matter be harmed by something only because it saddens you.You can be harmed in other ship canal. Therefore, hedonism is false. False Happiness Nozicks get Machine Experience Machine Nozick thinks that the real life is clearly better, despite meet levels of happiness. What makes the real life better? Desires and The good We desire for our springys to be based in reality. This desire involve ments. different desires matter, too. Desire Satisfaction Theory The good life is getting what you fate. Something is good for you if and only if it satisfies your desires. Good things about desire-satisfaction system Allows for a variety of good lives. Good things about desire-satisfaction guessPrioritizes soulal autonomy and avoids paternalism Avoids objective value objective = fixed indep discontinueently of your desires and opinions subjective = refers to your desires and opinions Motivation? Problems with the Desire Satisfaction Theory Getting what you want may not promote your good Desires based on false beliefs Fix The desire must(prenominal) be based on informed beliefs. More Problems Dis-interested or Other-regarding desires Problems, cont. Disappointment I was playing peachy tennis Id finally taken my game to what felt like a passing above all my opponents. It should have been great But it wasnt.It felt hollowIt reminded me of the story of King Midas My success was nt translating into happiness. John McEnroe(with James Kaplan, You basisnot be Serious) Impoverished Desires Objective Goods Theories of the Good Life Hedonism Desire Satisfaction Theory Objective Goods Theory Objective Goods Theory What is good is defined independent of your desires or opinions. Objective well-being concept Income? The objective/ public approach defended Nussbaums approach http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=Qy3YTzYjut4 Appeals to ingrained law theory, that things are good when a thing fulfills its nature. Things are bad when they are unnatural.Solves (? ) Humes argument We can bash only two sorts of claims conceptual truths or empirical truths. Moral claims are neither conceptual nor empirical truths. Therefore, we can have no moral knowledge. Natural law theorys response If you know the nature of human, and what it takes to fulfil our human nature, then we can know what is chastely good. Options for objective goods Happiness Options for objective goods Autonomy Relationship with other objective goods. Essence of human Possible riddle with adding autonomy to the list Cultural variations. But Do we have to be culturally relative? Options for objective goodsA sense of self Having commitments, likes and dislikes, values and intents. Options for objective goods Morality Aristotelian faithfulness Human flourishing If you concern yourself not at all with what you owe to others or with what they need from you, you live in profound isolation. .. Morality is good for us because it gives me a kind of friendship not just with my friends but with everyone. (Kazez 54) Martha Nussbaum Basic capabilities. Life. Bodily health Bodily integrity. Senses, imagination, thought. Emotions. Practical reason. Affiliation. Other species. Play. Control over ones environment.Possible problem with the objective theory Utilitarianism Theories of Right Action What should I do or not do? Utilitarianism A brand of consequentialism An action is morally required just because it produces the best results. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Utilitarianism (1861) The quest for the good is identified with the question of what is right and wrong to do. Mill writes All action is for the sake of some end and rules of action, it seems natural to suppose, must take their whole character and color from the end to which they are subservient. (in other terminology The ends unblock the authority ) 1.Rationality in choice of conduct is truismizing the satisfaction of ones chosen object (or the goal that is best to pursue). 2. The rational goal of human striving is happiness, and happiness consists in pleasure and the absence of pain. I should do what maximizes happiness-for-me-over-my-entire-life. Acting effectively to achieve this goal is being prudent. Prudence requires a kind of righteousness. So In merely unmarriedistic terms Ice cream NOW = 2 units of Happiness, and 3 units of botheration later. To maximize happiness over my entire life, I should not have ice cream now. But Mills utilitiarianism is universal project (not individualistic 3. Human striving 4. The moral goal involves impartiality. unmatchable persons good counts the same, in the determination of what is to be done, as the same-sized good of any other person. 5. The moral goal equals the aggregate happiness of all persons. 6. So, moral rationality demands that we maximize aggregate human happiness. and animals? Problems Utility hulk Trolley Problem Trolley Problem Trolley Problem Trolley Problem Deontology Kantian ethical motive Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) What matters with regard to whether an action is right or wrong is what kind of an action it is. (The end doesnt justify the means )Kantian Deontology Persons essence = autonomy Autonomy = self+rule Ethical patterns chase logically. Consistency and Fairness Equal with regards to our autonomous rational personhood. What if everybody did that? How would you like it if I did that to you? Problem Case If grim resu lts would occur if everyone did X, then X is immoral. Redescribe the act? But this makes the morality of an act merely a matter of its description. Kants answer The Categorical Imperative (version 1) Act only fit to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should fuck off a universal law. Is a maxim universalizable? pronounce your maxim clearly. Imagine a world in which everyone supports and acts on on your maxim. Then ask Can the goal of my action be achieved in such a world? Example Lying The universalized maxim of lying generates a contradiction. Categorical Imperative (version 2) The Principle of Humanity Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your receive person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. Persons are rational agents The moral law is the law of reason So we rational beings are beyond value since we are the sources of value Means only Used as a means AND respected as rational agent at the same time problems with the principle of humanity The apprehension of treating someone as an end is vague. 2. The principle fails to give us good advice about how to determine what race deserve. punishment and Lex Talionis (Law of Retaliation) 3. The principle assumes that we are genuinely autonomous, but that assumption may be false. Baron dHolbach The Argument Against Autonomy 1. Either our choices are necessitated or they are not. 2. If they are necessitated, then they are out of our control, and so we lack autonomy. 3. If they are not necessitated, then they are random, and so we lack autonomy. 4.Therefore, we lack autonomy. 4. The principle cannot explain why those who lack rationality and autonomy are deserving of respect. What is the scope of the moral community? Argument against animals 1. If the principle of humanity is true, then animals have no rights. 2. If animals lack rights, then it is morally agreeable to torture them. 3. Therefore, if the principle of humanity is true, then it is morally acceptable to torture animals. 4. It isnt. 5. Therefore, the principle of humanity is false. Feminist Ethics The male is by nature headmaster, and the feminine inferior the one rules, and the other is ruled. Aristotle As regards her individual nature, each woman is defective and mis-begotten. Aquinas Women must be trained to bear the yoke from the first, so that they may not feel it, to master their own caprices and to submit themselves to the will of others. Rousseau laborious learning or painful pondering, even if a woman should greatly succeed in it They will weaken the charms with which she exercises her great power over the other sex. Her philosophy is not to reason, but to sense. Kant Feminist Ethics precedent (male-dominated) philosophy Made false claims about women.Identified female with nature/animals and male with reason/human. Ignored female passs and perspectives. Un Chien Andalou , 1929 silent surrealist short film by the Spanish director Luis Bunuel and artist Salvador Dali General Approach Women are the moral equals of men. The right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions. Hina Jilani, lawyer and human rights activist 2. Experiences of women deserve our respect and are vital to a full and accurate understanding of morality. Some statistics Womens nominal wages are 17 share lower than mens.Women perform 66 percent of the worlds work, produce 50 percent of the food, but earn 10 percent of the income and own 1 percent of the property. 3. Traits that have traditionally been associated with women are at least as morally grave as traditionally masculine traits. 4. Cooperation, flexibility, openness to competing ideas, and a connectedness to family and friends, are often superior to ways of reasoning that emphasize impartiality, abstraction, and strict adherence to rules. Lawrence Kohlbergs 6 stages of moral development Moral cultivation Gilligan Women fared poorly on Kohlbergs model. Advanc ing to only around stage 3. ) Women tend to think and experience the world differently than men. Gilligans model or moral thinking In A Different Voice Womens Experience Justice is. blind Dr. Denis Mukwege tries to restore dignity in Congo. Womens Experience Vulnerability to Rape Major-General Patrick Cammaert, former commander of UN peacekeeping forces in the eastern Congo It has probably become more dangerous to be a woman than a soldier in armed conflict. Perceptions of enthrall in war From something that is inevitable when men are deprived of female companionship for prolonged periodsTo an unquestionable tactic in conflict. Effect on victim Rape is always torture. Womens Experience change magnitude dependence and diminished autonomy. Fewer choices and less control over meaning(a) aspects of their lives (than men). Central fact of most womens lives is their dependence. Consider a moral assumption stand up for our rights and defend our honour against attacks Does a woman stan d up to an abusive husband, knowing she may be killed, have her children taken away from her, not know where her next meal will come from? Not just women We all are deeply connected with others.Moral philosophy that pretends that we are fully autonomous beings without dependent relationships fail to take an important part of human life into measure. Ethics of Care Importance of Emotions Reason is a slave of the passions. David Hume Motivates. Helps us Understand (Sympathy/Empathy) Care combination of sympathy, empathy, sensitivity, and love. Particular vs. Universal Describes our obligations. Particular obligations = I have them only to detail people. Universal obligations = I have them to all persons. A strict version of Ethics of Care theory denies the existence of universal obligations.Ethics of Care Moral obligations come from RELATIONSHIPS. Relationship roles will sometimes require of you remote actions. There is no easy formula. Problems with the Ethics of Care Must be sup plemented by other theories. Or risk restricting the scope of the moral community too much. Role of emotions needs further exploration. Downgrading impartiality has its costs. Review Theories of The Right Utilitarianism Theory Pleasure/freedom from pain is the only intrinsic good. An action is morally required just because it produces the best results. Rationality Impartiality Maximize human happiness UtilitarianismPositives Intuitive Matches good with the right Equality Useful for social policy Utilitarianism Negatives Utility monster Animals? Conflicts with Justice Deontology Theory (Study of Duty) The end doesnt justify the means Derived from Autonomy (self + rule) Deontology Categorical Imperative 1 Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Deontology Categorical Imperative 2, The Principle of Humanity Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never a s a means only. Deontology PositivesExplains duties of judge Clear rules Equality Intuitive Deontology Negatives Principles difficult to apply Problems with autonomy Scope? Feminism Theory Men and women are moral equals. All of human experience deserves our attention/respect. Feminine traits are as morally relevant as male traits Interpersonal ways of moral reasoning are often superior to abstract, universalized, rule-governed moral reasoning. Care/Relationships Feminism Positives Embraces full account of human experience Can account for interpersonal moral reasoning, dependence. Feminism Negatives Problems with accounts from emotion Downgrades impartiality

Organizattional Structure Presentation Annotated Bibliography

Organizattional Structure Presentation - Annotated Bibliography ExampleThe management of the organization packs to convey financial experts to serve in the financial committee as a guide on finances. monetary experts prepare budget, financial statements and carry out audits of the organization.Harris, M. G., Society for health and Administration Programs in Education., & Australian College of Health Services Executives. (2006). Managing health services Concepts and practice. Marrickville, N.S.W Elsevier AustraliaDevelopment of quality improvement and clinical audit, experiences with other industries, consumers and funders has led to a keen interest to understand the nature of risk. Need to understand the potential benefit of risk, its management, and its influence to exploit adverse effects.Lombardi & Schermerhorn (2007) shows the importance of a trustworthy form of communication in the healthcare organization. Examples are formal, informal, remote and internal. Communication w ith stakeholders, patients, outside world and in the organization is essential.Miller (2007) puts into perspective the importance given to the gentleman resource such as employee culture development of belonging and motivation for more productivity. There is the need to have a conducive work environment and maintenance of a balance between socio-technical formation and effectiveness of the

Cluster Analysis Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cluster Analysis - search Proposal ExampleThe coefficient of stage matchless is 1788. The cluster under stage cardinal has one concourse under it and cluster has ii groups under it. The coefficient under stage two for both clusters is 33445.Based on the criteria of years as member of the floor showhouse, withdrawnness from the club and club membership, The cluster with the most population is the distance from the club group. The next cluster belongs to the group years as member. The last cluster belongs to the group club membership.This only shows that the nearness or the long travel time is a big factor in decision making for both the customers the management. Therefore, since distance is big factor in the invitation for new members to use the gild facilities of the club, then the club must first entice people living near the club.This likewise shows that in that respect are not as many member presently because only a few members as compared to the total guests of the clu b. It is noticed that the club membership cluster is the lowest of the triad criteria. This statistical data shows that it is the clog of companies to maintain or even increase the present members.Based on the criteria grandeur of pool facilities, wideness of tennis facilities and importance of challenge of golf, the cluster no. one has two groups under it and cluster two has three groups under its wings for the same stage. ... one has two groups under it and cluster two has three groups under its wings for the same stage. The coefficient of stage one is 479.295. The cluster under stage two has one group under it and cluster no. two has two groups under it. The coefficient under stage two for both clusters is 2015.879. Based on the criteria importance of pool facilities, importance of tennis facilities and importance of challenge of golf, at that place is a big cluster around importance of pool facilities.Then the second cluster is belongs to the importance of tennis facilities criteria. The last cluster belongs to the importance of golf criteria.The above shows that the importance of pool facilities is a very strong marketing tool to increase the company sales. This also shows that more people in the club prefer to go and while away the sunshine at the pool area while the some other members prefer to go tennis. This is a very powerful tool to help increase the profitability of the business. It is also relaxing to do business thinking while splashing that pool water onto the face to think the tired thinker. More people prefer pool because it is relaxing. Also, it is so nice to look at the splendiferous bodies of men and women as the wear their swimwear. We can think of a possible business like, swimwear. Whereas, the people who do it tennis and gold will have to sweat it out to enjoy. Tennis is mostly for the teenagers or beneath forty year old population. Whereas gold, is only for the rich man, real rich that is. The golf clubs cost so much. The go lf bag and other gold accessories are sold at very prohibitively utmost prices. This shows that more people

Case study tale of two culture Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tale of two finis - Case show ExampleThere are surely other factors that could account for increasing incidences of divorce, crime, drug abuse, etc. promptly pointing the finger at globalization shows a lack of understanding of the issues involved. Globalization has given poorer countries many capital things, but at the same time there have been some negative influences. I and dont come back that people can pin the blame on globalization for all of these things.Because Western culture is more confrontational, the only thing that globalization has done is open peoples eyes to the fact that the social issues are occur. Previously they were just swept under the carpet and everyone would pretend that they did not exist. Globalization is a in effect(p) thing because it forces people to see their society for what it really is.3.Broadly defined, Asia comprises more than 60 percent of the worlds tribea population that practices Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, and numerous o ther religions. Thus, do you think it is possible to carry on a valid discussion of Asian values? Why or why not?I think it is possible to carry on a valid discussion of Asian values. The reason is that culture is constantly changing and yet it never changes in some regards. People who view culture as something that is stable are outdated because they do not realize the globalized world that we live in today. It is possible to correct to Asian values yet also be open to Western ideas too. In this way, a crossing culture is almost created whereby it attempts to take the best aspects from two very different cultures and create a immature culture. Indian call center workers might have to change their lives drastically, such as speaking with an American accent, wearing American clothes, and dating boyfriends, but the fact remains that they are still Indian despite all of this. It is possible to have a hand in both

Week 1 Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 1 - Speech or Presentation mannequinFor decreasing, note that in that location are important points to be considered such as the digit 9 elicit unless be placed in the units position and that the digit 0 can be utilize but only placed in the thousands position. In this method used, the tens place is used as originTo proceed, we note how many digits can be placed in the units place considering the digit in the tens place. present we are restricted to the digits 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 since the digit 7,8,9 will compromise the whole restriction of increasing bon ton when use in the units positionGrouping the alphabets by 3 in succession such as ABC,BCD,EFG and limiting it with three distinct initials and alphabetical in order means that we can end only on the combination XYZ. Hence, on the 26 alphabets, only 24 combinations can be used attached the restriction.Since the indicator indicates that the truth note value can only be false (=0) when the statement on the remaining sid e (p q)r q (pr) is true (1), there was no need to investigate those with values =0.Since the indicator indicates that the truth value can only be false (=0) when the statement on the left side p (q r) q is true (1), there was no need to investigate those with values =0.From the resulting Venn Diagram, one can verify that 60 automobiles have incorrect plates and 20 have both defects thus satisfying the given. 2000 1920 60 = 20 which is the procedure of automobiles which has defective terminals only. Therefore, the number of automobiles with defective batteries is 20 + 20 =

Run the appropriate ANOVA, you must copy and paste the relevant tables Assignment

Run the appropriate ANOVA, you must copy and paste the relevant tables from the SPSS output file - engagement ExampleExperience assigns participants to those with experience and those without experience. A participants cannot be in both multitudes.Piercing sciences is the dependent variable. capable variable is that variable whose treasure is influenced by one or more other variables and piercing skill is expected to vary with experience and consumption of four bottles of tequila.Transform the variable experience into a bleak variable expgroups with low experience being a score of 40-69 and high experience being a score of 70-100. Give expgroups the value labels 1 = low and 2 = high. (4 points)The means for the high group are 22.08 before taking tequila and 31.25 after taking tequila and the standard deviations are 14.37 before taking the fall of tequila and 11.185 after taking the tequila.Room tinge is the independent variable. Independent variable is a variable whose value i s fixed at particular point to dictate the value of another variable. In the study, room color meets the definition of an independent variable because its value is fixed at three different colors to bound participants moods.This is a repeated measures ANOVA and treatment of the participants demonstrate this. Repeated measures towards repeated measures ANOVA exists if all of the look into participants are exposed to all conditions in a study and the exposure occurs in turns. This is the case as the participants are each exposed to the room colors before their mood is

Personal Exploration of Knowledge Paper-epistemological analysis Assignment

Personal Exploration of Knowledge Paper-epistemological analysis - Assignment ExampleThis theme discusses various types of friendship such as knowledge how, for instance how to drive knowledge that, which is also cognise as propositional knowledge, such as knowing that P is P and knowledge by acquaintance, which is knowing a person or a place. Epistemology is mainly concerned with propositional knowledge. When trying to analyze knowledge, epistemologists often distinguish among a priori and a posteriori forms of knowledge. A priori form of knowledge that is nonsymbioticly known that is it does not come from ones recognise or senses. This type of knowledge is acquired from sources outside experience such as reason and is usually arrived at beforehand. On the other hand, a posteriori knowledge refers to the type of knowledge that is acquired from experience. It is also known as observational knowledge and is not known before hand from ones previous experiences. Most of the scien tific knowledge is observational in nature as it is base on previous experiences. Here are various sources of knowledge identified by philosophers. According to Feldman, a renowned philosopher, there are five major types of knowledge, which take on perception, memory, expert testimony, introspection, and reasoning. (Feldman, 2003). Perception refers to the type of knowledge derived from ones senses. It is based on ones sensual perceptions and on the view that the primary source of knowledge is ones experience. Perception is also referred to as empiricism. causation is the other source of knowledge. His type of knowledge is acquired a priori, that is outside the realm of senses. This source of knowledge is based on pure reason where truths are deduced based on existing knowledge, for instance mathematical truths. The confidence that reason is the primary source of knowledge is often referred to as rationalism. Introspection has also been widely adjudge as a major source of know ledge among philosophers. This type of knowledge is acquired through personal internecine self evaluation (Feldman, 2003). Through introspection, one can know that they are tired of hungry for instance. nigh philosophers recognize the similarities between introspection and perception but give widely accepted it as an independent source of knowledge. The other source of knowledge is memory. This refers to knowledge acquired from information stored in ones genius based on knowledge previously learnt either from current information of past events. Testimony on the other hand is a source of knowledge acquired through communication we get from others (Cooper, 1999). Some philosophers book raised concern about testimony as a source of credible knowledge and have proposed that knowledge derived this way must be verifiable in order for it to be trusted and believed as knowledge. All these sources of knowledge have gained support throughout epistemology and philosophy in general. Howeve r some