Chapter 6 – Planning Capacity

chapter 6: Planning capacity Capacity the maximum rate of output of a process or a system. Acquisition of new capacity requires extensive planning, and often involves significant expenditure of resources and time. Capacity decisions must be made in light of several long-term issues such as the firm’s economies and diseconomies of scale, capacity cushions, timing and sizing strategies, and trade-offs between customer service and capacity utilization. Planning capacity across the organizationAccounting provide cost information needed to evaluate capacity expansion Finance financial analysis of proposed capacity expansion investments and raises funds Marketing demand forecasts needed to identify capacity gaps. Operations selection of capacity strategies that can be implemented to effectively meet future demand. Human Resources hiring and training employees needed to support internal capacity plans. planning long-term capacity When choosing a capacity strategy: How much of a cushi on is needed to handle variable or uncertain demand? Should we expand capacity ahead of demand, or wait until demand is more certain? easures of capacity and utilization Output Measures Are best utilized when applied to individual processes within the firm, or when the firm provides a relatively small number of standardized services and products. For example, a car manufacturing plant may measure capacity in terms of the number of cars produced per day. Inputs Measures Are used for low-volume, flexible processes (custom products). For example a custom furniture maker might measure capacity in terms of inputs such as number of workstations or number of workers. The problem of input measures is that demand is expressed as an output rate.If the furniture maker wants to keep up with demand, he must convert the business’s annual demand for furniture into labor hours and number of employees required to fulfill those hours. Utilization Degree to which a resource (equipment, space, w orker) is currently being used. Utilization= Average Output RateMaximum Capacityx 100% The numerator and the denominator should be measured in the same units. A process can be operated above the 100%, with overtime, extra shifts, overstaffing, subcontracting, etc, but this is not sustainable for long. Economies of scaleEconomies of scale The average unit cost of a service or good can be reduced by increasing its output rate. Why? * Spreading fixed costs same fixed costs divided by more units * Reducing construction costs doubling the size of the facility usually doesn’t double construction costs (building permits, architect’s fees, rental) * Cutting costs of purchased materials better bargaining position and quantity discounts * Finding process advantages speed up the learning effect, lowering inventory, improving process and job designs, and reducing the number of changeovers. diseconomies of scaleDiseconomies of scale The average cost per unit increases as the facili ty’s size increases. The reason is that excessive size can bring complexity, loss of focus, and inefficiencies. capacity timing and sizing strategies sizing capacity cushions Capacity cushion=100%-Average Utilization rate (%) When the average utilization rate approaches 100% for long periods, it’s a signal to increase capacity or decrease order acceptance to avoid declining productivity. The optimal capacity cushion depends on the industry. Particularly, in front-office processes where customers expect fast service times, large cushions are vital (more variable demand).For capital-intensive firms, minimizing the capacity cushion is vital (unused capacity costs money). timing and sizing expansion Two strategies: * Expansionist strategy large, infrequent jumps in capacity. Is ahead of demand, and minimizes the chance of sales lost to insufficient capacity * Wait-and-see strategy smaller, more frequent jumps. It lags behind demand. To meet any shortfalls, it relies on sho rt-term operations (overtime, temporary workers, subcontractors, postponement of preventive maintenance on equipment).It reduces the risk of overexpansion based on overly optimistic demand forecasts, obsolete technology, or inaccurate assumptions regarding the competition. This strategy fits the short-term outlook but can erode market share over the long run. Timing and sizing of expansion are related: if demand is increasing and the time between increments increases, the size of the increments must also increase. An intermediate strategy can be â€Å"follow the leader†, so nobody gains a competitive advantage for being ahead of demand, and everyone shares the agony of overcapacity in the other case. inking capacity and other decisions Capacity cushions in the long run buffer the organization against uncertainty, as do resource flexibility, inventory, and longer customer lead times. If a change is made in any one decision area, the capacity cushion may also need to be changed to compensate. For example: Lower volume of production (more capacity cushion) to raise prices or vice versa. a systematic approach to long-term capacity decisions 4 steps: 1. Estimate future capacity requirements 2. Identify gaps by comparing requirements with available capacity 3. Develop alternative plans for reducing the gaps . Evaluate each alternative, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and make a final choice step 1: estimate capacity requirements A process’s capacity requirement is what its capacity should be for some future time period to meet the demand of the firm’s customers (external or internal), given the firm’s desired capacity cushion. Larger requirements are practical for processes or workstations that could potentially be bottlenecks in the future, and management may even plan for longer cushions than normal. Capacity requirements can be expressed in: * Output measure * Input measureEither way, the foundation for the estimate is forecasts of demand, productivity, competition, and technological change. The further ahead you look, the more chance you have of making an inaccurate forecast. Using output measures Demand forecasts for future years are used as a basis for extrapolating capacity requirements into the future. If demand is expected to double in the next 5 years, then the capacity requirements also double. For example: Actual demand 50 customers per day; expected demand = 100 customers per day; desirable cushion = 20%. So capacity should be (100)/(1-0. )=125 customers per day. Using input measures Output measures may be insufficient in these situations: * Product variety and process divergence is high (customized products) * The product or service mix is changing * Productivity rates are expected to change * Significant learning effects are expected In these cases, an input measure should be used (number of employees, machines, trucks, etc) One product processed When just one service or product is processed at an operation and the time period is a particular year, the capacity requirement (M) is: M=DpN[1-C100]D=demand forecast for the year (number of customers served or units produced) p=processing time (in hours per costumer served or unit produced) N=Total number of hours per year during which the process operates C=desired capacity cushion (expressed as a percent) M=number of input units required and should be calculated for each year in the time horizon Many products processed Setup time time required to change a process or an operation from making one service or product to making another. To calculate the total setup time D/Q*s Where D=demand forecast for the yearQ= number of units processed between setups s= time per setup For example, if the demand is 1200 units, and the average lot size is 100, there are 1200/100=12 setups per year. Accounting for both processing and setup times for multiple products, we get: M=[Dp+DQs]product 1+[Dp+DQs]product 2+†¦+[Dp+DQs]product nN[1-C100 ] When â€Å"M† is not an integer and we are talking about number of machines, you can round up the fractional part, unless it is cost efficient to use short-term options, such as overtime or stockouts.But if we are talking about number of employees and we get 23. 6, we can use 23 employees and use a little overtime (in this case, 60% of a full-time person). step 2: identify gaps A capacity gap is any difference (positive or negative) between projected capacity requirements (M) and current capacity. step 3: develop alternatives Develop alternative plans to cope with projected gaps. One alternative is the base case do nothing and simply lose orders from any demand that exceeds current capacity or incur costs because capacity is too large.Other alternatives: various timing and sizing options (expansionist or wait-and-see strategies); expanding at a different location; and using short term options. For reducing capacity, the alternatives include closing plants, laying off employ ees, reducing days or hours of operations. step 4: evaluate the alternatives Evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative concerns The manager looks at how each alternative fits the overall capacity strategy and other aspects of the business not covered by the financial analysis (uncertainties about demand, competitive reaction, technological change, and cost estimates).Some of these factors can’t be quantified and must be assessed on the basis of judgment and experience. Quantitative concerns The manager estimates the change in cash flows for each alternative over the forecast time horizon compared to the base case. tools for capacity planning waiting-line models Are useful in high customer-contact processes. Waiting-line models use probability distributions to provide estimates of average customer wait time, average length of waiting lines, and utilization of the work center.Managers can use this information to choose the most cost-effective capacity, balancing cu stomer service and the cost of adding capacity. This topic will be treated more deeply in the appendix (siguiente resumen) simulation Simulations can identify the process’s bottlenecks and appropriate capacity cushions, even for complex processes with random demand patterns and predictable flows in demand during a typical day. decision trees A decision tree can be particularly valuable for evaluating different capacity extension alternatives when demand is uncertain and sequential decisions are involved.

“Bisy Backson” representing Western Society Essay

In the novel, The Tao of Pooh we are introduced to â€Å"Bisy Backson† who represents the most misguided of Western Society, as well, we are shown that Western societal thinkers/philosophers/writers represent, in their own way, the Tao. â€Å"Bisy Backson† confuses exercise with work and activity with creativity. â€Å"The Bisy Backson is almost desperately active,† (p. 93) says Benjamin Hoff. He adds, â€Å"Let’s put it this way: if you want to be healthy, relaxed, and contented, just watch what a Bisy Backson does and then do the opposite.† Often, in Western Society, we focus on the final product before we have begun the journey. When Pooh considers what he likes best in the world, he decides the â€Å"†¦moment just before you begin to eat [honey]† was what he enjoys most. In effect, it is the journey, or the process, that we most enjoy. This, of course, goes against the typical person’s attitude toward a task, in Western Society. The goal is to get the task done (much like this journal assignment). The process is often seen as punitive. Pooh would say to enjoy the process – to see it as an opportunity to create, to develop, and, above all, to understand the central role of change and growth in life. Western societal thinkers/philosophers/writers represent, in their own way, the Tao, because†¦ actually, I do not think they represent Taoism, at all. Taoism, I think, is basically just to enjoy life in its simplest form, and not to worry too much – take life as a gift and just enjoy it. Again, I think. After reading this book, (I still have two or three more chapters to go†¦), I still cannot manage to understand a simple meaning of Taoism. I have looked on the internet, and it is nothing like P’u, because everything I have come across is all so complex. Anyway, if Taoism is that, Western societal thinkers/philosophers/writers do not represent it, at all! They question everything, want to know answers, and usually they question their own existence. Would someone who is†¦ someone like, Pooh, question their existence? I don’t think so. In addition, Western societal thinkers/philosophers/writers do not learn how they should question, they do not learn these theories, they do not learn about Taoism, they just merrily think and their answers of their questions may just so happen to fall under Taoism. They do not study Taoism to think like a Taoist. They do not read The Tao of Pooh, to learn about how they should think†¦ though many  philosophy courses, such as Theory of Knowledge, may be text based, which I find, is ironic. For direct reference to the text, â€Å"What does Christopher Robin do in the mornings? He learns. He becomes educated. He integrates†¦knowledge† Of course, all this said with some words capitalized for no reason, and other random words to get to the point. Philosophers do not learn, they teach themselves.

Anna Todd Jennings Scholarship Essay

Yes, twenty four hour visitation is something all the students wish to have at some colleges but it’s not for all colleges. Some college students always look forward into having fun, playing, and being interactive with the opposite sex. You would never have any privacy time someone would always be in the suite with your roommate or out in the always making loud and disturbing noises. As she said,†Most of college students like to relax in nightgowns, T-shirts, or underwear in their rooms or halls.† Relationships could also become a distraction to the person that is trying to do homework, or trying to study for that big test in the morning. That person who is in that relationship may have that boy or girl in their room to talk or do anything they was planning on doing. So there would be no privacy for yourself not even for work you just might want to take a quick nap, or just relax and watch some television. See more: scholarship essay format Stealing is another big key problem you might have by having twenty four hour visitation. The doors would always be unlocked from people walking in and out not remembering to shut the door. That makes it easier for someone that doesn’t belong in your room to take your stuff. As she also said,† These people might be anything from pranksters to criminals, but anyone leaving a room unlocked would be taking a chance of be robbed or seriously harmed.† I know most parents if they found out their child belongings are missing they would be ready to find out who took their child stuff and that could lead to something even bigger than what it was. In the same way most of racism in any form is evil that should be opposed. Anna Todd scholarship could be another terrible thing because it has a lot of racial comments, or things about. It discriminates on certain religions when scholarships shouldn’t be that way. I feel like not only Anna Todd Jennings scholarship but any other scholarship should be for any student at their leisure. One of the financial aid office representatives says,† He knew about the racial restrictions on the scholarship but thought everyone had the right to apply.† These scholarships are not cheap be apply for and not being able to get it because of your racist. You will have to pay for transcripts, financial statements, pay to get the forms you would have to fill out, etc. Parents would be devastated if they here their child couldn’t get the scholarship because of their race. One student said, â€Å"If we do not take that money and use our education to topple the barriers of prejudice, we are giving the money to those who will use the money in the opposite fashion.† People would take action if they don’t change the scholarship rules. People would try to have riots, protest, or again try to take the founders money. If people don’t believe in racism and don’t want to those types of things to happen to our students and community they would have put and end to that racial act that the school tried to oppose. I hope by refusing to apply for the Anna Todd Jennings Scholarship and not letting twenty for hour visitation into dormitories would better out students and make them have an successful life and school year.

Contemporary issues in management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Contemporary issues in management - Essay Example From this research it is clear that change management is frequently gaining importance which in turn indicates the importance of the passage in the present time. While exploring the issues of modern management, they are also linked with the context of the passage. Furthermore, a theoretical approach is adopted along with real examples of companies and their change leaders. It is elaborated in the passage that the idea of change management and its importance in the achieving success in different circumstances. Machiavelli was of the view that in order to achieve success in different place and circumstances, local resources should be optimally utilised rather exploitation. Furthermore, his passage indicated that ethical values should not be underestimated while dealing with change in the business environment. Also, strong ethical values bring strong goodwill in the market place. Main idea of passage of the Machiavelli is managing change while encountering the problems of the change. It is written the passage that when a company enters into a new country it should have understand its varying needs and its culture in order to stay there for long term. On the contrary, if a company ignores or avoids a country’s culture on which its entire system is based then that company surely fails to sustain there. Machiavelli writes in the context of the country that if one country wants to succeed over another country then first of all it should gather support of general public of that. Along with this, the inhabitants of that country should be treated as useful resource for utilisation rather than for exploitation. Thus, it says that company should manage the change with ethical values and give the due respect to the inhabitants (Zadek 2004). A company which is constantly crossing milestones in its respective area may suddenly fall down because it’s changing relationship with its business environment and lack of response on the part of the company. Change is ine vitable and minor changes continuously occur in every industry. However, major changes like recession; decide the future of the companies in relation to success and failure. These changes can be related with a number of aspects of the business, however, three fields have major impact on the companies i.e. macro environment, technology and government. These changes together form a basis for the uncertainties in the environment. In order to address the uncertainties in the environment, there should be formulation of certain strategies and policies which again indicates relevance with the Machiavelli’s passage. Thus, mission, vision, goals and philosophy of a company possess an important place in managing the change (Worthington and Britton 2009). It is supported by a series of examples. In order to understand the influence of the change management on level of success or failure can be understood by a series of examples. In this context, example of British Airways is very crucia l. In 1981, the company was going through one of its worst time phase. Then the company appointed a new chairman who went

Considering Pakistan as a Country Attracting the Tourists, Developing Research Paper - 1

Considering Pakistan as a Country Attracting the Tourists, Developing Strategies - Research Paper Example The strategy that we think suits Pakistan the best is to attract tourists on the basis of the adventurous spots. This is because there are many out there in Pakistan and all they need is a bit of development and proper marketing techniques. Now once the potential market has been explored it is important to decide will it be mass marketing or niche marketing. As far as this industry is concerned it will be widespread marketing but niche in the way that only for those who have the wish to indulge in adventurous activities. However, the struggle does not end here and a perfect marketing strategy including the most suitable marketing mix should be formed in order to carry out the plan successfully. This means deciding on the seven Ps of marketing. Once the various spots of adventures have been selected the whole package should be determined as to what all facilities will the tourists receive once they come and visit. After this promotion and education are important to answer when and how and all similar questions that can arise in the minds of prospective visitors. Apart from this in every service that is provided there are individuals involved who are representative of the company and interact directly with the consumers. They play a crucial role and thus it is important to determine a strategy related to them even. The right combination of all the factors can bring about a package that would be attractive to all and will increase the flow of tourists in the country which will, in turn, bring several benefits to the overall economy. Tourism is an industry through which a country can earn fortunes and do wonders for the economy.  

LSweek 9 m 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LSweek 9 m 9 - Essay Example It should also be noted that all aspects of development, whether social or economic, need to be measured in terms of sustainability. These efforts, however, if met by companies and or corporate bodies should be rewarded. However, historical experiences show that such rewards have rarely occurred. If this has to be done, measurement and strategic management is an inevitable requirement. Major changes in political will and economic policy need to be put in place to control use of resources in a manner that does not comply with the principles of sustainability. Such measures can include legislations, positive rewards to complying companies just to mention a few. In a research conducted in Japan by Michael Angelo and Cortez, in 2011 at the Asia Pacific University to establish how challenges related to social and environmental performance affect financial performance, any environmental innovation geared towards sustainability impacted positively on market performance. In addition, an incr ease in the short-term liabilities was attributed to the investment placed on environmental innovation in terms of cost of maintenance corporate social responsibility cost. Similarly, while markets’ concern about environmental conservation takes precedence in economic measures, social expenses is not their major concern as they presumably take this as a government responsibility. It is important that as we work towards economic stability, leaders should be able to Measure Company’s performance in more systematic ways. These way organizations will play an important role towards a competitive and suitable society. Based on the above-mentioned fact, most leaders today have adopted the strategy through reduction of the company’s socio-environmental impacts in the world as well as drawing limits to risks posed on the environment such as global warming. This is done through enhanced ecological management practices, sustainable use of the available resources and care f or the natural resources. An emerging trend is where executives and top management officials are beginning to exhibit transparent operations with regards to finances and accountability in a manner that go beyond use of ancient performance measures. This behavior is as a result of increasing compulsion for companies to take responsibility for the non-financial effects. On the other hand, the general ideas of sustainability are geared towards the enhancement of valuable features with an intention of reaching them out to the upcoming generations. Two theories have been adapted to explain the meaning of this statement; preservation and development version and resilience. The second theory is that of enhancing and maintaining natural and human capital. The adaptation based theory views sustainability as an adaptation route whose approach closely links system theories and complexity theories on self-maintenance. The view relates the internal systems of an organization to external interact ions exhibited by the environment. It is worthy to note that as the organization tries to

User Frustration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

User Frustration - Assignment Example The other frustration is related to users’ emotional reaction to computing technology; in fact, studies have been conducted on analysis of the effects related to computer systems response time. On the other hand, the slow response time leads to increased frustration and impatient compared to fast response time. There are problem associated with mood disturbances and somatic discomfort, which raises linearity based on the amount of duration spent in the process of undertaking the procedure of data entry. Nevertheless, frustrations arising from the independence of system response duration can be solved through use of method involved in pay knowledge bases of fast web-based databases (Lazar, 2001). On the other hand, the users can consider using technical information for optimization of information collection, organization and retrieving of data. Besides, they can consider using alternative support mechanisms, which involve helpdesks service lines, which offer access to complete solutions. User Satisfaction and Frustration There are frustrations, which arise from use of lack user satisfaction; in fact, different studies have suggested that there are dependent variables that are applied for assessing the prosperity of technology. In this case, satisfaction is refers to accomplishment of an objective or a task, which is by directed behaviors that are aimed at achieving satisfaction associated with a form of need, desire or want (Jacko, Sears, & Borella, 2000). In this case, frustration emanates for interruptions, which hiders achievement of a given objective. Besides, this refers barriers that are in the path of achieving a given objective. There are both external and internal causes of frustrations through hindrances of achieving a given objective. Therefore, this can be expressed in terms of the frustration which arises when a user is prevented from achieving their anticipated result, which would have led to a satisfaction (Lazar & Norcio, 2002). Nevertheless, this is a problem that can be solved in fo cusing on ways to achieve satisfaction in the task involved despite presence of frustration. For instance, this is a problem that can be solved by seeking assistance from a help desk, which is a department that is established in a company or institution with an aim of responding to technical questions. In this case, they can handle problems, which are

The Professional Engineer and Micro-Electronics Essay

The Professional Engineer and Micro-Electronics - Essay Example This report is a comprehensive assessment of the work of professional engineer, who abides in a challenging work environment and has to incorporate with several legal and ethical obligations. The objective in this report is to investigate that how professional engineers work for sustainability, and what methods and programs they use to address complexity in their work environment. The Professional Engineering Tool Flow and Process Diagrams In the engineering practice, it has been noted that complexity lies in each of the engineering process. It could be a manufacturing process, process of design, or process of inventory that involves complexity. To understand complexity of a particular process, the professional engineer uses the tool of process diagram which is also called as flow diagram or process chart in engineering terms. This tool provides schematic representation of a process. Process diagram actually gives the whole picture of the process (the inside and outside of a process) ongoing in engineering. Mostly, chemical manufacturers, automotive firms, and electrical firms use this apprehensive tool to analyze the critical and problematic areas of a process. To condition a process, this tool is wide in its application. The Case of a Low-Capacity Manufacturer It is a noted fact that manufacturers try their best to improve and condition their manufacturing processes. ... rategic analysis tool such as the process diagram, which highlights the corrupt areas of a process, giving a reason to readjust or remove those areas (Carlo & Arleo, 2013). The literature brings the case of an apparel manufacturer which re-designs its production system and production facility by means of using process diagram tool. The process diagram assists and guides the manufacturer in different stages. It assists first in terms of reflecting on how the process is going and how possibly it can be modified or improved (Carlo & Arleo, 2013). The process diagram labels the schematic flow of the process that involves stages of blowing, basting, steeping, drying, dying and finishing altogether for producing a felt hat. These are stages that require readjustment and reformation as asserted by the manufacturer (Egelston, 2012). Using the process flow diagram, the manufacturer displays the AEIOUX sequence of its process. The areas which are absolutely necessary A, especially important E, important I, ordinary O, unimportant U, and undesirable X are highlighted using the analytical tool of process diagram (Carlo & Arleo, 2013). Using the process flow diagram, the manufacturer is able to take important decisions like which areas can be removed or can be brought to readjustment after the analysis has been made. The manufacturer improves the quality of its process by deploying the comprehensive analysis tool- the process flow diagram. Actually, the diagram has provided the algorithm to the manufacturer to improve and condition its whole production system (Carlo & Arleo, 2013). Process Flow Diagram of Felt Hat Manufacturing (Carlo & Arleo, 2013) The consequences led by the effective analysis tool (the process diagram) is that cost has got reduced and waste which was earlier

What went wrong in measuring and managing risk associated with Research Paper

What went wrong in measuring and managing risk associated with financial institutions - Research Paper Example est rate risks, credit risks, foreign exchange risks, and liquidity risks that affected the functions of investment bankers, securities – stocks, bonds, derivatives -- mutual funds and insurance rate. A research into the measuring and managing techniques has been made to understand what went wrong and where. Taking the example of HSBC Holdings plc – a global financial institution providing all financial services under its umbrella, it has been attempted to explain how things went wrong. Financial institutions cater to the needs of different types of customers by providing relevant financial services. Financial institutions worldwide have been affected by the adverse market environment created by the US sub prime fiasco. Trouble began when the financial companies started relying too much on the innovation in the blind faith that it will yield returns. In the current context of sub prime melt down, initially the balloon of leveraging the assets’ market went on getting bigger and bigger, creating unrealistic and illusionary hype in market, which in the end shrank the balloon to cause global crisis of liquidity in financial institutions. Selling of financial products and services is a risky business, fraught with internal and external risks associated. Measuring and managing financial risks is crucial to the success of a financial company. There are different types of financial institutions operating at national as well as global scale. Before delving deep into the list of errors committed by financial institutions, it is significant to define the scope of financial institutions like banks, insurance, mutual funds, securities firms, investment banks, and finance companies. A financial institution collects funds from private as well as public investors to use them in financial assets. Financial institutions play the role of mediators in share markets and debt security markets. Financial activities may include bonds, debentures, stocks, loans, risk

Gender inequality in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender inequality in Russia - Essay Example It is generally agreed that Russian women are not equal to men and that they undergo oppression. Vovk indicates that in national home interviews carried out in the year 2005 (February 25 to 27) in a hundred residencies in forty-four regions, 24 percent of respondents held the opinion that the world treats women and men in the same way. On the other hand, 61 percent of respondents believed that Russian women’s life is harder compared to men, while 8 percent believed that women live an easier life. Generally, the same is true for promotion and self-actualization. Of the year 2005 respondents 51 percent concur that in the present day, men have more opportunities for the realization of their potential, while in national home interviews carried out in the year 2004 (February 28-29), 58 percent of the respondents concur that the `double standard' that Russian institutions and companies practice provides men with better career opportunities. According to 30 percent and 37 percent, re spectively, though, Russian women have equal chances with men for promotion and self-actualization. Gender inequality in Russia manifests itself in different spheres, the first one being access to education. While the traditionally ‘male’ professions have been free/no-fee, the Russian government-introduced for-fee education has predominantly affected women or the ‘female’ professions making it hard for them to learn. This implies that the expenditure of budget money that the federal government allocates for education has progressively become gender asymmetric, and not in women’s favour. As far as higher education is concerned, the mounting discrimination policy on the part of educational institutions themselves is a crucial factor that makes it difficult for women to access education. In the 1960s, the gender factor only decreased the female applicants’ chances of enrolment in higher educational establishments by 2.4 percent. In the 1980s, it decreased their chances by 6.2 percent while by 1990s, it had reduced them by 12 percent (Mezentseva, 1). Another vital area in which women in Russia are discriminated against has to do with wage levels/material gains from education. Mezentseva notes that although women trail behind men concerning wage levels in all countries, the rise educational levels is narrowing this gap in virtually all countries. However, to date, this trend is the reverse in Russia. A study from the RLMS5 in 1998 revealed that the average wage of a woman varies from 53-66 percent of that of a man for the seven recognized educational levels (from ‘no secondary education’ to ‘higher education’). On the average, females with postgraduate education receive lower wages compared to men with secondary education. Women with university education only earn more compared to men with incomplete university education (Roshchin, 11). The least material return from education was observed in profess ional groups where women are in the majority, while the biggest the biggest material gain from education w

Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Managing Change - Essay Example Organizational leaders and its respective managers make the necessary efforts in order to accomplish the change. It is basically the nature of their work that they do such modifications. While in the process it reflects that some are very much acquainted with such practices while others are not. Also, some are able to grasp the things swiftly while others take longer hours to settle down. This often make significant differences in the job pattern of the people who settle down and spend a good span of time in their jobs while others get bogged down under pressure. This makes the candidate much more inferior with respect to his counterpart and ultimately settles down frustrated and aimless. This also makes him loose his efficiency level. But unfortunately there are least number of schools and institutions that apply to the study of such practices and thereby provide possible solutions. They are required to identify those particular areas and develop strategies by critical examination o f the shortfalls. It should become a priority for these organizations to develop solutions. (Organizational Change Management, 2009) However, changing a management is sort of a difficult practice to implement. It is similar to changing an individual’s long established habit that has been continuing over the years. On the organizational context in order to bring about change, it is required to understand the basic concepts about the structures and the different roles played by the management. This is a practice implemented in order to gear up the performance level of the organizations and side by side improve the performance level of the people in and around the organization. Researchers have almost borrowed thoughts and several concepts covering these areas which try to unfold the various aspects of organizational change. They have put up theories in order to describe situations

Faster Fitness Inc. Case Study Analysis. Essay Example for Free

Faster Fitness Inc. Case Study Analysis. Essay This is bound to be a great breakthrough for faster fitness as a result of the introduction of Body Flex 100 and Body Flex 200. These brands have already commanded interest in many dealers whose orders in the recent trade show have even exceeded our production capability. Faster Fitness Inc. has the opportunity to exploit this new market for these machines that allow users a wide range of motions depending on the exercise performed. Body Flex 200 especially with its unique capabilities should be able to put Faster Fitness in the lead in exercise equipments in future. We have every reason to be sure of making good profits especially because we have a lot of advantages in the production of these machines. First of all, this new technology is patented to Faster Fitness. Patents are an advantage to the company as they protect the technology of the firm from being copied or adopted by other companies. A company that tries to use the technology without permission can be sued (Stim, 2007) under the United States law. This way, we are assured of market for as long as no superior technology overtakes us. The increasing market for home exercising machines in the United States is bound to provide the desired income given the unique capabilities of our machines which are specifically designed for home use. Resources required for the manufacturing of the machines are also available and what needs to be done is to organize for their supplies. Presence of a good workforce is also of great importance to the company. Though not enough at the moment it will work well with the few additions in the painting and finishing. There are challenges in that the production capacity is not adequate to meet the demand currently. The problem may not be solved until after a year due to the resources required upgrading the department. Inventory space is also very limited. The fact that staff needs training before the start of the project may delay production. Other details in this paper include quality control strategy selection, long range forecasts and profit estimates. It analyzes the whole production process for the production of BF100 and BF200 while analyzing profitability and efficiency in production through creating a production schedule. The production schedule helps in organizing the factors of production and ensures that the targets are met (Pinedo, 2005; McKay and Wier, 2004). Designing a production schedule is required in order to organize the production of the machines and also make sure that the customer’s needs are met. A production schedule according to Herrmann (2006) provides a guideline on the daily duties that should be performed so that no detail is left out in the process.   It also guides the employees in the daily duties as it provides for time taken to do each chore. Process and the production schedule. The process involves about seven processes divided into three departments. The machines parts components and other resources will have to pass through the various departments before they can be made into the final product ready for delivery. Production of the machines therefore follows the sequence shown below. The machine parts pass through the machining shop and welding shop for fabrication and welding. These two shops are in the machining and welding departments. They are then taken for finishing and painting before landing in the assembly, testing and packaging departments where they go through the final stage before reaching the consumer. Production of BF100 requires at least eleven hours (a total of 660 minutes) completing while BF200 will take twenty four hours (1440 minutes) due to its complexity and the additional leg press sub assembly. Consider that 300 hours are available for both machining and welding, 450 hours for painting and finishing and 150 hours of Assembly, testing and packaging. The schedule will be made to produce fifteen units of BF100 and fifteen units of BF200.   Out of the three hundred hours available for machining and welding per month, BF100 will take up one twenty hours (120) while B200 will take up 180 hours. Given that there are twelve hours of overtime per week then we can produce four more BF200 machines to make it 19 machines since they are more valuable to the company.

Effect of Policy on the UK Commercial Property Sector

Effect of Policy on the UK Commercial Property Sector This research project intends to assess and critically analyse what the impact, whether positive or negative. The Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007, has had on the commercial property sector from the standpoint of both the landlords and the tenants. It is designed, using primary research to aid the Government in assessing the level of success the Code has had and whether legislation is required to further enforce the protection of small business tenants. It is an interesting topic as the Government has sought to promote greater choice and flexibility in the property and leasing market for some time, but has been unsuccessful, also due to the fact that there are still very few reviews on the topic. The research, undertaken in July 2009 involves an investigation into leasing practice by small business tenants and their landlords, accompanied by secondary research. Structure of the Dissertation: Chapter 1: Introduction to the subject matter; containing the hypothesis, as well as the goals and objectives of the research. Chapter 2: Literature Review; sets out to critically analyse the current literature published on the subject and understand currently established views on the topic. A gap in the knowledge is also identified in the existing published literature. Chapter 3: Research Methodology; provides the methods and an explanation of them, that were used for primary and secondary research in this dissertation. Chapter 4:Research and Analysis; questionnaires and surveys presented in tables and graphs along with their analysis. Interviews unable to be quantified are scrutinized and compared in full. Chapter 5: Conclusion; compares the research with the hypothesis. Deducing its limitations and reliability, as well as whom these conclusions will impact, and any potential additional research that could be carried out. Hypothesis: The introduction of The Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007 has had no influence upon small business properties and their tenants and as a result was unjustifiable. Context and Background information: The Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007 was launched by Yvette Cooper, then Minister for Housing and Planning, on the 28th of March 2007. It set out some key recommendations to those taking or granting new or renewed leases. The code itself comprises of three sections: For the Landlord; a 10 point requirement guide in order for their lease to be compliant. For the Tenant; an explanation of the terms and 37 specific tips. A Model Heads of Terms, made available online. The Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007 is the result of collaboration between commercial property professionals and industry bodies representing both owners (Landlords) and occupiers (Tenants). These include such members as the Association of British Insurers, the British council for offices, the British Property Federation (BPF), the British Retail Consortium, the Federation of small Businesses, The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), The Law Society of England and Wales, and the Department for Communities and Local Government. It replaced the previous embodiment of the Code, published in April 2002. The Code is voluntary so occupiers should be aware that not all Landlords will choose to offer Code-compliant leases. The Government has felt the need to promote the Code with a continual threat of legislation if it is not adopted this time by the property industry. However the Government takes a keen interest in ensuring the property industry complies with this voluntary Code. Larger business operators are expected to conform to the Code as they have the resources to employ property professionals to act on their behalf. The Code appears to be more aimed at small business tenants seeking to offer guidelines, promoting fairness in commercial leases and aiming to protect small businesses, by ensuring they have the information available to negotiate the most suitable deal. Goals and objectives: Objective One: To investigate small business tenants. A number of questions will be put forward in order to gain information into areas such as, lease terms, tenant satisfaction, and tenant awareness of The Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007. Objective Two: To investigate landlords, how they operate with regard to small business tenants, and what is their view is on The Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007. Objective Three: To gain extensive knowledge into the views of the Chartered Surveyors of The Code, and how The Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007 affects their decisions when advising a client. Objective Four: To assess the primary research gained in objectives One, Two and Three, and discover how, or if decisions made by a chartered surveyor could indirectly affect a small business tenant. Ultimately the aim of this research is to establish that the introduction of The Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007 has had no influence upon small business properties and their tenants and as a result was unjustifiable. While the existing literature discusses the changes in the relatively new Code, there is little information regarding its actual impact upon the industry. Due to the little research done on the new 2007 lease code, this document is intended to gain background information and research on lease practice in the UK, using the Island of Portsea and surrounding areas to determine the amount of business properties and their tenants that have been affected. The only published document comparable to this research is applied to the previous 2002 code and is therefore now outdated. By gathering data using interviews, questionnaires, and exploring further information written on the topic in journals and articles, my aim is to gather sufficient evidence to establish whether my hypothesis is true or false. It is hoped that the research methodology set out in chapter three is adequate enough so as to create valuable research, which until now has not been documented. Chapter 2.Literature Review: Introduction A literature review sets out to critically analyse the current literature published on the subject and understand currently established views on the topic. Secondary research also provides direction to the primary research helping to identify further any unanswered questions. In order to understand the subject, one must first acquire an understanding of the historical nature of business leases in the UK, and why there appears to be a need for market intervention through lease codes. Lease Structure within the UK and its progression. Historical Lease Length: For the purpose of this dissertation, it is necessary to understand the historical nature of a business lease, how they are changing, and what normality in the current marketplace is. The institutional lease also known as the 25 year FRI (full repairing and insuring) lease with upward only rent reviews was standard issue through the 1970s and 1980s. The introduction of more volatile economic conditions led to a change as the longevity of the leases was deemed unrealistic (Lizieri, C., Gibson, V., Crosby, N., Ward, C., 1998). This type of lease has also been described as the backbone of property investment (Hamilton, M. Cheng Lim, L. McCluskey, W., 2006). Whilst the economic climate began to recover in 1995, the expectation would have been that a recovery in the economy and the property market would precipitate a return to the bargaining strengths of landlords and tenants prior to the recession and a return to the terms of occupation which prevailed at that time (Hamilton, M. Cheng Lim, L. McCluskey, W., 2006). However there was a contrasting view to this expectation and a number of reasons are given (Crosby, N., Gibson, V., Murdoch, S., 2002). Firstly, tenants who, after being introduced to more flexible terms were unwilling to return to the institutional lease. Secondly, new accounts procedures forced tenants to show leases on their balance sheet as a liability and therefore highlighted the fact that longer leases financially burdened the tenant in many cases. Research was conducted in 2006 that showed that occupiers are still shifting toward shorter leases in order to prevent themselves from being overexposed to risk. Shorter leases tend to meet the needs of occupiers functioning in a rapidly changing economic environment (Hamilton, M. Cheng Lim, L. McCluskey, W., 2006). 10.93 years was found to be the average lease length from January 2001 to March 2004, among 106 office leases taken in Birmingham, London, Manchester and Belfast. This would appear to prove a large departure from the institutional lease. However, this research does have its limitations. It remains unclear how large the offices used for the survey are. Larger offices are more likely to have tenants that require longer leases, mainly to justify for writing off fit-out and relocation costs (Dickenson, March 2007). If this is applied to this dissertation for example, the focus of the Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007 is upon small business properties and their tenants who are unlikely to have large fit-out costs. Upwards-Only Rent Reviews (UORRs): The UORR is A clause in a lease wherein at a defined given point a rent review will occur. When this arises the rent will either be fixed at either the current rent passing or the open market value, whichever is the highest. As a lease becomes shorter in length, any fluctuations in market conditions are less likely to affect corporate liability. Therefore the lease rent review clauses become increasingly insignificant. A survey conducted in June 2005 by the ODPM (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister) came to conclusion that they had strongly polarised views about whether or not the Government should legislate against UORRs. (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, June 2005) The government has been considering a ban on UORRs for some time but has still not felt the need to act. A further survey conducted in 2007 by GVA Grimley and the CBI focused on the opinions of corporate tenants. The survey returned only a small majority (57%) in favour of banning them (Cooke, July 2007). Cooke conti nues to comment that firstly this is not a large enough majority to consider a ban, and secondly, the size and sector spread of the survey was significant and there is a recommendation of further research. Any moves to remove UORRs will have a major effect on the security as property as an investment. Cookes view is that as any legislation is unlikely to be retrospective, and therefore a two stage system will be in place, corporate occupiers would not reap any benefit for some time. (Cooke, July 2007). Contingent Liability: There was a strong vote in favour of removing contingent liability, with 83% voting for its abolition (Cooke, July 2007). This high figure suggests that many business occupiers are despondent with their current leases; however they are not forced to sign a lease with this agreement and as the research shows tenants are aware of the liability but appear to do nothing about it. It should be noted that the size of corporate tenants questioned in the research conducted by GVA Grimley is unknown and therefore may offer a poor sample of information for what is required in my research. The Code is positioned to aid smaller tenants who often are unable to afford professional property services. Cooke describes his opinion that corporate occupiers regard it as inequitable that, having assigned a lease to a third party and having received the landlords approval to the transaction, they are required to step back in because of the failure of the assignee several years later. (Cooke, July 2007) If this is a commonplace problem in the market, then this certainly gives good grounds for a new code. 2002 Code of Practice for Commercial Leases (E2): The second edition of the Code of Practice for Leases in England and Wales was published in 2002. Philip Freedman, one of the co-contributors to the 2007 code commented that Although it was felt there had been a significant move toward shorter leases, and lease terms had become more flexible, small business tenants were still poorly informed about property matters and landlords were not offering tenants sufficiently flexible lease terms to match their business needs(Freedman, 2006). Freedman continues to mention that the government was unsatisfied with the continued prominence of upward only rent reviews (UORRs) in longer leases, and was considering outlawing them. The Code introduced in 2002 was very different from its predecessor from 1995 that it replaced. There were no objectives or aims set out in the Code, instead, ten key recommendations to business leases were listed. The first three were to promote open negotiation between parties, and to recommend financial advice on costs of occupation. The other seven points cover particular aspects of a commercial lease (Neil Crosby et al. (2005). The paper Monitoring the 2002 Code of Practice for Commercial Leases, co-written by Neil Crosby at Reading University for the UK government was designed to measure in detail the impact of the 2002 Code. It is similar to my piece of research, although it is now outdated and obsolete for professional consultation. It does however show key research that provides evidence that the 2002 Code was unsuccessful and therefore required change. An interview survey was carried out with an extensive number of chartered surveyors, and also with solicitors involved with conveyance and lease contract negotiation. The perception of property professionals acting for clients in 2005 was noted as follows. Firstly, virtually all interviewees were aware of the 2002 code. Secondly it is clear that larger and institutional landlords are more likely to have knowledge of the code and smaller landlords may not. Thirdly, tenants are perceived to have no knowledge of the code unless they are large tenants with direct access to professional property services advice. The conclusion is that Most consider that the Code is having no influence at all on lease negotiations, although some of the agent interviewees regard it as having some small, indirect, influence. Only two interviewees, one surveyor and one solicitor, are actively and regularly using the Code when negotiating on behalf of tenants. The paper concludes that there is the perception among large commercial tenants that the lease structure system is unsatisfactory in the UK, even if they are unaware of the Code. International tenants appear to be more dissatisfied than their UK counterparts. The main reasons cited for dissatisfaction are the lease lengths, and the tenants lack of break clauses. The research methods used in this paper hold credit as the results were a catalyst for a code reform. It is highlighted that the Code is underperforming, and holds no or very little influence. The paper has been useful in developing my hypothesis as it gives a benchmark for success for the 2007 Code. The Last Chance to Get Things Right: The article titled the last chance to get things right written by Philip Freedman, comments on the shortcomings of the 2002 Code and gives specific direction as to changes that should be implemented in the new Code. The shortcomings are extremely valuable to my research because it shows direct areas in which the 2002 Code has been considered to fail and these areas should be focused upon when analysing the level of success of the 2007 Code. Firstly, Freedman sights that restrictions on subletting and assignments have not been relaxed in accordance with the Code. Landlords, familiar with the landlord and tenant act 1995, had in recent years been imposing detailed restrictions on assignments, most notable with the introduction of required authorised guarantee agreements (AGAs). Tenants under such agreements are limited in their possibilities for assignment as it is difficult to find a sufficient tenant. Furthermore, the liability still remains in an event that an assignee defaults on the lease payments. His views are backed up by the research by the 2005 report conducted at Reading University. This research found that most leases that had the option for assignment automatically required the tenant to enter into an AGA. Secondly, between the period of 2002 and 2005, the courts upheld a number of landlords rights to impose strict enforcement on lease clauses that require subletting to conform to specific requirements on rent or other terms(Freedman,2006). Freedman sights the case Allied Dunbar Assurance PLC V Homebase LTD [2002]. This would suggest that the courts are not working in unison with the views held by the Government that businesses require further protection from landlords. Freedman concludes, indicating that this is the last chance for the industry. A study into whether the new Code has influence or not would seem wholly relevant as it would provide knowledge on whether this last chance has been successful or not. Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007: After Yvette Cooper introduced the Code in March 2007, Geoff Le Pard considered the contents of the new Code. The new Code is more concise than the 2002 version. It is written in plain English and provides more authoritative guidance on lease terms (Le Pard (2007). The article, from which the quote above is taken, was released 3 days after the Code was introduced. While this is time to provide commentary on the new aspects of the Code, it is unable to provide any reliable prediction as to how this will affect the market in the long run. New aspects of interest that are assessed include firstly pricing options and rent reviews. Under the 2007 Code, landlords must state whether a choice of lease terms is available and propose rents for different lease terms (Le Pard (2007). Secondly, restrictions on assignment are discussed. One of the governments principle concerns is the inflexible assignment and subletting provisions in leases (Le Pard (2007). The article continues by commenting that the Code only allows the provision of an AGA agreement, established problem of the 2002 Code, when the assigned tenant is of a lower financial standing than the outgoing tenant. Thirdly Le Pard comments that the new Code insists Break Clauses should not be prevented by conditions that effectively make the break inoperable (Le Pard (2007). Certainly the three features of the 2007 Code that are described by Geoff Le Pard can be tested using primary research as to their influence. A Code that Lacks Strength: The reach of the new commercial lease code will be limited by the ability of landlords to opt out selectively (Martin, 2007). In this article, John Martin explains that the government and BPF believe that landlords who subscribe to the Commercial Landlords Accreditation Scheme (CLAS) will gain marketing benefits. Part of the scheme involves the landlords abiding by the 2007 commercial lease code (landlord code). If rules are broken then private and public reprimand can occur however, the landlord code value is watered down in the fact that landlords can opt out of any specific requirements of the Code (subject to explanation). The extent to which landlords sign to the CLAS is not described, however is supports the view that landlords do not want to adopt the Code. Martin also has an interesting view that the new guidance on assignments appears to be an attempt to revert to the pre-1996 position, without re-instating the concept of privity of contract (Martin 2007). The article is however written with an assumption that the Code will be endorsed by property professional and therefore will spread throughout the market quickly. Gap in the Knowledge: As previously mentioned, there is a wealth of information published commenting on the Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007. What is unknown is the influence this code is having on the industry if at all. Considering the Code is thought to be the last chance for reform prior to legislation, its performance should be reviewed to show whether legislation is necessary or not. After reviewing the literature in this chapter, a conclusion has been drawn that the Code is unnecessary. There is not sufficient research to prove this and there is therefore a gap in the knowledge. The next chapter sets out the methods in which the hypothesis in Chapter 1 will be tested. Introduction: This research was designed to test this hypothesis; The introduction of The Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007 has improved the position of a tenant when negotiating a new lease. This chapter discusses the research methods applied and ultimately lead to a comprehensive conclusion that will either reject or confirm the hypothesis. Research Methods: Traditionally, there are two different types of research. These are Quantitative research and qualitative research. Miles Huberman (1994). Quantitative Research: Quantitative Research is normally presented in Data, usually in the form of numbers and statistics. Theres no such thing as qualitative data. Everything is either 1 or 0 (Fred Kerlinger). The aim is to classify what statistics are important, count them and construct statistical models. One can then explain what is observed. Fred Kerlinger considers all research can be ultimately defined as quantitative as one could argue that all information can be displayed through binary (yes or no) questions and answers. Qualitative Research: Qualitative research is based upon alternatives to statistical data such as values and opinions. Donald Campbell holds the view that all research must stem from an initial qualitative theory. All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding (Donald Campbell) It can be extremely useful when there is little or no previous research on a topic, as it can unearth new views and theories on a subject. Donald Campbell considers all research stems from an initial qualitative study. Research Strategy: Secondary Research: This type of research relies on the information and research submitted by others. The advantages and disadvantages are shown in table 3.1 above. Before writing this report, many books, internet articles, journals magazine articles were consulted so a thorough understanding of the subject was known. It should be noted that as the Code in question, The Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007, was only introduced at the end of April in 2007 there is therefore limited published material on the subject. Literature Review: The literature used in Chapter 2 for the review is a form of secondary research, and while it shows the current knowledge on a topic, much of it is outdated and therefore unreliable. The literature review also highlighted the lack of material published regarding the lease codes in the UK. There are a number of magazine articles but there is only one academic report (Crosby et al. (2005)) that holds any significant value, but as stated it is outdated. Once the gap in the knowledge was identified from the literature review, it gave direction for a number of research questions to use in my primary research. Primary Research: This is research that compounds new information. The following two types of primary research were used by my study:- Small Business Tenant Questionnaire. Landlord Questionnaire. Semi-structured Interview with Chartered Surveyors. Tenant and Landlord Questionnaires: Target Audience: The first stage of primary research involved two separate questionnaire studies firstly to tenants, and secondly to landlords. The questions aimed at the subjects were influenced by the report from Reading University Monitoring the 2002 Code of Practice for Commercial Leases (Crosby et al. (2005)). Questions were asked with a final goal of contributing to the objectives and aims of the report and testing the validity of the hypothesis. The questionnaire provides an opportunity to understand the direct influence of the Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007 on tenants and landlords. Questionnaires were completed in either of two ways. It was established that it would be far easier to gain responses from landlords if it was via email and therefore this is how the 20 landlords were contacted and how they gave response. With regard to the tenant questionnaire, it was decided that a questionnaire would be delivered to a number of tenants. After two days, these would be collected and any uncompleted questionnaires would not be counted. A total of 30 business tenants were visited. Due to the data protection act, names of tenants or landlords remain anonymous and cover notes were addressed to the Manager. Sample: Due to the large number of tenants and landlords in England and Wales, it is necessary to sample the respondents. The sample method used is a form of random and cluster sampling combined. Normal cluster samples are used when the subject research matter is too large to measure. Normally certain areas would be subject to research instead of the whole country for example. Often in cluster sampling, the total population is divided into these groups (or clusters) and a sample of the groups is selected (Wikipedia, 2008). In my research, this was further randomised down into sample of particular clusters. Areas used for the research were Windsor, Bracknell and Reading. It was considered that 30 tenants and 12 landlords would be a sufficient sample to gain the required information without mak ng the research excessively impractical. Design and Content: Each of the two questionnaires were designed to be as clear as possible for the target individuals, and they also incorporate layman wording as to ensure each question is understood fully. The majority of questions asked utilised a multiple choice answer system. This enabled each paper to be completed with ease and also provide comparable data between different questionnaires. Copies of both Questionnaires including a covering letter for each questionnaire are included in Appendix B and C respectively. Pilot: It was felt necessary for a pilot copy of each questionnaire to be reviewed by a property professional prior to conduction of the survey. This was done for a number of reasons. Firstly the design of the questionnaire is reviewed to ensure it is easy to comprehend. Secondly, the wording is reviewed and changed if necessary. Thirdly organisation and the number of questions are reviewed. The pilot questionnaires were sent to a property professional Nigel Dight (Leslie G. Dight and Partners). It was decided after the pilot that a universal do you have any other comments to add, would be incorporated as a final question. This gives the opportunity for landlords or tenants in the subject research to add any qualitative information they feel important to the subject. Response Rate: Before each email was sent to landlords, a telephone call was made to ensure they were comfortable with the questionnaire. This ensured a high response rate. A covering letter (viewable in Appendix B) was also sent to emphasise the importance of the answers and how they help the research project. A response rate of 75% was achieved which was viewed as a success. A much lower response rate was expected from the tenant questionnaires; however, the 60% achieved was largely viewed as a success. It was expected to that ten respondents from each questionnaire would be achieved however this was exceeded. After this initial response it was decided therefore that no new respondents needed to be found as both questionnaires had exceeded response rate expectancy. Semi-structured Interview: Target Audience: Interviews were carried out with chartered surveyors who have extensive current and previous experience in both tenant and landlord representation during lease negotiations. It is important that each interviewee has experience of the market over the last twenty years in order to have a comprehensive view of how the market has changed, and how this has affected tenants. Appendix D gives a list of interview candidates. A semi-structured interview technique was used to gather information from chartered surveyors because they are likely to have a wealth of experience and knowledge on the topic. The interview provides the opportunity to show the indirect impact of the Code for Leasing Business Premises in England and Wales 2007 because, unlike the questionnaires, the interviewed surveyors are more likely to have a broader understanding of the mechanisms within the market. If the code is found to indirectly affect a business lease tenant, the surveyor is far more likely indicate this than the tenant themselves. Sample: Due to the large number of chartered surveyors in the UK it is not possible to interview them all. A random sample method is used to find suitable candidates for the interview process. It is also important the prospective candidates are vetted prior to the interview to ensure they have the relevant experience to answer the questions. Although only a small number of interviews took place, an attempt to provide a full spectrum of surveyors from the marketplace was achieved. One of the interviewees acts on behalf of large corporate clients, while another acts on behalf of smaller clients for example. It was viewed that only a small number of samples would be required as a predicted response rate was a high percentage. Design and Content: Appendix D includes a list of outline questions that should be posted to interviewees. Although only a guideline, these questions were designed to gain the core information required from the interview. In practice, further questions and discussions took place during the interview. Compared with the questionnaires, this provides further in depth answers and opinions. The estimated time of each interview was intended to be around 15 minutes. This was firstly conceived to be enough time to gain the required information. Secondly it was not so long as to discourage any prospective interviewees from taking part. In practice the interviews lasted for around 25 minutes, due to the expansion of the core questions, however this did not cause a problem. A full transcript of each interview can be viewed in appendix E. Two of the interviews were carried out via telephone interview as this provided the easiest was to lease with surveyors at some distance. One interview was carried out in person d ue to the close proximity of their office. The interview in person proved to be more successful as the interviewee seemed more focused on the questions. Response Rate: The response rate was 60% which was considered poor under the circumstances. A small number of surveyors were contacted with the initial view that all would provide an interview. The response rate did however fall between 60% and 100% which wa

Profile of Secondary Education in Kohat

Profile of Secondary Education in Kohat Education is basic in the life of man, which is able to sharpen his faculties of mind, and helps to grow harmoniously. This also helps to grow harmoniously in every sphere of life-Physical, intellectual social and emotional. Education plays vital role in the progress of a country. Education is a life long investment in human resources development. The quality and quantity of educated manpower determine the strength of a nation. All developed and educated countries have recognized the needs of intimate relation of education of life and needs of the community (Singhal, 1991). All the developed countries have the strong education structure system in their countries. The present structure of education in Pakistan is 5+3+2+2, primary stage, middle stage and then secondary and higher stage and at last higher education. The research study on the basis of secondary education so that it is emphasized on secondary level (IX-X). Secondary education is an important sub sector of the entire educational system. On the one hand, it provides the middle level workforce for the economy and other; it acts as a factor for the higher levels of education. Higher education, which expected to produce quality professionals in different fields, hinges on the quality of secondary education (Shah, 2007).Secondary education is a stage, where a student enters, adolescence. This is the most crucial stage of life. The basic perceptions and models of behavior start taking shape and problems of adjustment with the new role in life assume critical significance (Hussain, 2003). Secondary education holds pivotal position in education system of every country, for it is terminal stage for most of students and it also serves as a linkage stage between elementary stage and higher education. It provides input for higher education and thus quality of higher education is dependant upon secondary education (AIOU, 1997). In Pakistan it consists of four classes, 9th and 10th secondary education, and 11th and 12th higher secondary education. Secondary education (IX-XII) is an important sub-sector of the entire educational system. On the one hand, it provides the middle level work force for the economy and on the other it acts as a feeder for the higher levels of education. Higher education which is expected to produces quality professionals in different fields hinges on the quality of secondary education. This level of education, therefore, needs to be revamped in such a way that it prepares young men and women for the pursuit of higher education as well as prepares th em to adjust to their practical lives meaningfully and productively (Govt. of Pakistan, 1998). Khaliq (2000) proposed that Students have small problems, which can be solved with much less money and effort if identified earlier. If they are left unattended, they not only hinder the children in their classroom achievement but also become serious emotional problems later on. The most common problems at the secondary education levels are (a) Educational Problems (b) Financial Problems (c) Home Adjustment (d) Vocational Adjustment (e) Health Adjustment and (f) Personal and Social Problems. It is a fact that destiny of nation is shaped in the classrooms. This implies that education is the main source of progress and development. It can be said without hesitation that education is mostly responsible for the future of Pakistan. Through education, nation building process for the future citizens of the country is taken place. From this point of view, a lot of responsibilities lie with the educationist and the quality of education. Therefore, the education must be qualitative so that the students should develop necessary knowledge, skills, and attitude to perform their duties effectively. It is in this context that quality education becomes the most important ingredient to enhance the quality of life in any country. It is so worthwhile to raise some issues in this regard and think of their solution. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The present study was therefore conducted to problem and prospects of secondary education at district Kohat. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objectives of the study were: To determine the present profile of secondary education in Kohat. To determine the needs of teachers for the secondary education. To determine the needs of students for the secondary education. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will help us to know about the major problems faced by secondary teachers. The most common problems at the secondary education levels are (a) Educational Problems (b) Financial Problems (c) Home Adjustment (d) Vocational Adjustment (e) Health Adjustment and (f) Personal and Social Problems. METHODS AND PROCEDURE POPULATION All the secondary schools in public sector of district Kohat, their heads, secondary school teachers and students of 10th class constituted the population of the study. SAMPLE Random sampling technique was used and description of sample was as followed. Sample of Schools Total twenty-four secondary schools in public sector were randomly selected. The proportion of boys and girls schools was fifty- fifty. Sample of Heads All the heads of already sampled twenty-four secondary schools of public (the proportion of public sector schools of boys and girls schools was equal) included in sample. Sample of Teachers Forty-eight teachers teaching secondary classes were randomly selected in which proportion of male female teachers was fifty fifty. In such a way that from each sample district, the proportion of the public male and female teachers was equal. Sample of Students One hundred and twenty students were randomly selected in which proportion of male female students was fifty fifty. In such a way that from each sample district the proportion of the public and private and male and female students were equal. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS The researcher prepared three questionnaires using five-point scale. Questionnaires were used as a research instruments.. Questionnaire for Heads of Secondary Schools. Questionnaire for Teachers of Secondary Schools. Questionnaire for Students of Secondary Schools. DATA COLLECTION The investigator started data collection process w.e.f 5th January, 2008 by visiting each sampled school and administering the questionnaire in person. It took about three months to collect data from the selected sample. The response rate was 100 percent. DATA ANALYSIS Data collected through above-mentioned instruments were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted category-wise as principals, teachers and students. To analyze the data, chi square and percentage were used. For statistical treatment chi-square was applied using the following formula: = (Garrett, 1997) On the basis of the analysis and interpretation of data, conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made. RESULTS This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data. The data collected through research instruments were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted in the light of the objectives of the study by using chi-square. The above tables indicate the demographic position of public managed schools. The academic and professional qualifications of both heads and teachers of public sector schools are better. The average enrollment per sampled school of public sector was 158. Average teacher student ratio in public schools was 1:70.. Table 2 indicates that the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 values for all six administrative aspects of public schools head are greater than the critical value at 0.05 levels. Involvement of staff in decision making differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. Head likes to be a part of team with leading teachers does not differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. The aspect of well organization of tasks was found differed significantly in favour of public heads in the category of strongly disagree. The fair selection procedure for recruitment of teachers differed significantly in favour of public schools. The coordination among the administrative staff differed significantly in does not favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. Whereas, the teachers having command over subject matter differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. Job security for teachers is ensured Lesson planning is done by teachers regularly. Attention is given to the character building of students. Teachers are well prepared before taking the class. The students compete well with the students. School environment is suitable for teaching. Table 3 exhibits that the obtained à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 value is greater than the critical value at 0.05 levels as the frequency of responses of public and schools heads about four aspects. Ensuring job security for teachers differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agrees. Teachers having command over teaching methodology differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. Giving attention to the character building of students differ significantly. School providing quality education differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agrees. Students competing well with other students do not differ significantly. Keeping schools environment suitable for teaching differed significantly in favour of public schools heads in the category of strongly agree. CONCLUSION On the basis of interpretation and finding of data following conclusion were drawn The demographic data of study revealed that private sector schools had actually less number of students and teachers at secondary level as compared to public sector schools. The results of 10th class students in boards examinations of private schools were better than government schools. With respect to ownership of building almost 98% public sector schools had their own buildings while majority of private schools were running in rented buildings. In public schools, student teacher ratio was higher than private schools. The quality of education is the most burning issue of the day. Administration is considered to be the most important ingredient of any organization, for it serves as the asset for the most previous assets of the nations which are educational institutions. The entire study revealed that heads of private sector secondary schools were better than heads of public sector secondary schools regarding involvement of other staff in decision making, keeping themselves as a part of team while leading them and carrying out the tasks in a well- organized fashion. But the heads of public sector secondary schools were more qualified academically as well as professionally having more administrative experience as compared to private sector secondary schools heads. It is no more rhetoric but a time tested reality that destiny of the nations is shaped in classrooms. It means that teachers are the central figure in education system of any country. The present research found that teachers of public secondary schools were more qualified academically as well as professionally having command over teaching methodology as compared to the teachers of private secondary schools. Head teachers management aspects were found better in privately managed schools for the aspects of becoming a part of team well arranged tasks, and coordination among administrative staff. Whereas the aspects of involving staff in decision making, keeping selection procedure fair, and observing teachers command over subject matter were found dominant in public sector schools. The quality of education is intrinsically integrated and directly proportional to the quality of infrastructure. The physical facilities hold paramount position in educational institutions. It was found that position of physical facilities was better in public secondary schools than in private secondary schools with respect to buildings, libraries, play grounds, furniture while position of private sector secondary schools was better in availability of computer labs and gas facilities. The quality of education also owes a lot to the quality of supervision. It was found head teachers of private schools were better for having observing timing, and maintaining teacher student ratio. Whereas arranging sports and game, keeping fair assessment procedure and merit based admission were found dominant at public sector schools management. RECOMMENDATIONS On the basis of analysis of data, findings and conclusions the following recommendations are offered. The enrollment of students was higher in public sector than private sector. It is therefore recommended to establish more schools in the public sector. School mapping kept in mind before establishing new schools. The heads and teachers of schools should take such necessary actions which may help to raise academic standard of these schools. The heads of public schools should take serious consideration of the problem of their low pass percentage. Teachers of public schools may be made accountable for their poor result in examinations. They must also be rewarded with incentives for showing good results. Teachers of both systems should be given opportunities for regular in-service training in order to improve their teaching methodology. Libraries of public and private schools should be kept well maintained and all necessary books be available and students and teachers should be encouraged to get benefit from their library. All necessary educational facilities such as well maintained buil dings; science laboratories with standardized apparatus and needed audio visual aids be provided and maintained by school management. Teachers should be encouraged to make use of A.V. aids more and more to make teaching process more effective. The school curriculum should be updated according to the emerging needs of the society and it should be revised regularly. The study indicates that due consideration was not given to merit in student admission procedure. Merit should be the sole consideration for entry to private institutions. Access to higher education, is recommended to base on entry tests that measure the aptitude and ability of suitable candidates for higher learning. The services of National Testing Service be utilized for construction of valid and reliable tests at secondary level. AUTHORS INFORMATION Dr. Sajjad Hayat Akhtar Dr. Muhammad Naseer-Ud-Din Dr. Ali Murtaza Dr Hafiz HameedUllah

Database Management System vs Information Retrieval System :: IT Essays

1. Differentiate Between Database Management System And Information Retrieval System By Focusing On Their Functionalities. Database Management System According to Modern Database Management eight edition, by Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott and Fred R. McFadden database management system (DBMS) is define as a software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user databases. Support Concurrent Updates Concurrent updates occur when various users make updates to the database at the same time. Supporting concurrent updates is also critical to database management as this component ensures that updates are made appropriately and the end result is precise. Without DBMS interference important data could be lost and or imprecise data stored. DBMS uses features to bear concurrent updates such as batch processing, locking, two-phase locking, and time stamping to help make certain that updates are done correctly. Again, the user is not alert all this is incident as it is the database management system’s liability to make sure all updates are stored appropriately Recovery of Data In the event a misfortune occurs, DBMS must offer ways to pull through a database so that data is not eternally lost. There are times computers may break down, a fire or other natural disaster may occur, or a user may enter inaccurate information invalidating or making records conflicting If the database is cracked or spoiled in any way, the DBMS must be able to recover the correct state of the database, and this process is called Recovery. The easiest way to do this is to make standard backups of information. This can be done at a set controlled time so in the event a catastrophe occurs, the database can be restored to the state that it was last at prior to backup. Security Security is the avoidance of illegal users accessing the database. DBMS uses features such as encryption, authentication, authorization and views to provide security to the database. Encryption is when DBMS converts the data in a database to an unreadable format. No illegal person trying to access this information will be able to read it. Authorized users will be able to see it in normal form. Authentication is a technique in which the database officer can identify the person accessing the database. Authorized users are given passwords and successful entry of a legitimate password will allow the user entry into the database, if a password is not effectively entered, the user will be denied access. Authorization is a set of rules that the database administrator (DBA) sets up to specify levels of practice that individuals or groups are allowed to have.

Essay --

Communication and Professional Practice Niamh Hubble T00157631 1st year Social Care Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to explore why non-verbal communication is an important tool for professional practice. Some of the aspects of non-verbal communication are facial expression, eye contact, posture, orientation, proximity, touch, fine movement, gross movement, dress, setting and direct work (Egan 2002). [The Skilled Helper/ People Skills] In my opinion non-verbal communication is a very important tool when working with clients. For example, in a professional setting a client could be telling you they are fine and they aren’t afraid yet they could be shaking or looking around nervously. The non-verbal prompts that clients give out subconsciously or consciously give us, as professional workers clues to how the person is really feeling even if what they say using verbal communication isn’t the same as the non-verbal prompts. Thompson (2009) says that in addition to the words we speak, we give very powerful messages through non-verbal communication and our body l anguage ...

Flannery O’Connor’s Short Story A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay

Flannery O’Connor’s Short Story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O’Connor’s personal views on the justification of religion and the resulting world or corruption and depravity are apparent in her short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†. She analyzes the basic plight of human existence and its conflict with religious conviction. The first two-thirds of the narrative set the stage for the grandmother, representing traditional Christian beliefs, to collide with The Misfit, representing modern scientific beliefs. The core of symbolism and the magnet for interpretation is at the end, the conversation between the grandmother and The Misfit. The conversation represents the examination of the clash between animal and metaphysical human nature and the Misfit is the literary depiction of the outcome of that clash. The grandmother is based on conventional Southern women. She dresses in her Sunday best so that noone would be mistaken as to her status as a lady, an issue at the heart of every true Southern woman. She related stories of old mansions and of the little ‘pickaninny’ by a door. This was not a racial comment because for it to be there would have to be an intent to insult an African American and there was not. This was written to further convey the notion of her embodying all the true characteristics of Southern women, including their adherence to devout Christianity. The Misfit exemplifies the cold, contemporary world. In the conversation The Misfit’s declar...

Local Literature Essay

The 1990s have been an era of growth in computer usage for campuses across the United States. A national survey of information technology use in higher education indicated an increasing integration of computing related activities into college courses (Campus Computing Project, 2000). This survey reported that three-fifths of undergraduate courses utilized electronic mail and two-fifths made use of World Wide Web (WWW) resources. Parallel to this trend is the growing number of colleges and universities instituting requirements for student computer ownership (â€Å"Growing number of colleges require†¦,† 2000). This article reported that many of the schools implementing the requirement did so to guarantee that all students had access to the same computing resources. Research by Brown (1999) indicated that at schools without a computer ownership requirement, only half the students are likely to own one. Comparing Computer Usage by Students in Education Programs to Technology Education Majors Aaron C. Clark and Eric N. Wiebe http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/v13n1/clark.html Previous Editors: Mark Sanders 1989-1997; James LaPorte: 1997-2010 FOREIGN STUDIES January, February, March 2011 A STUDY ON COMPUTER USAGE AND ATTITUDES TOWARD COMPUTERS OF PROSPECTIVE PRESCHOOL TEACHER Sheikh Tariq MAHMOOD Makhdoom Ali Syed Ziarab Mahmoodi http://ijonte.org/FileUpload/ks63207/File/tumu.pdf The purpose of this study is to determine the status of computer usage and the attitudes toward computers of prospective preschool teacher and to investigate of several variables on their attitudes. For this purpose, â€Å"Computer Usage Information Form† and â€Å"Computer Attitude Scale† was applied to 126 prospective preschool teachers. This study is conducted with survey methods. The data is analyzed through standard deviation, mean value as well  as t-test and one way ANOVA for group comparison, besides to find which group causes the difference in the group comparison, a PostHoc Tukey HSD test is employed. At the end of the study it is determined that the prospective preschool teacher use computers more at home and internet cafes and their levels of using computer programme are intermediate or upper. It is also determined that there is a significant difference according to the variables of taking computer course, computer ownership, level of using computer program, frequency of computer usage, computer experience and class of the scores of attitudes toward computers. On the other hand, there is no significant difference according to the variables of gender. It is recommended that future studies should focus on investigating academicians’s level of usage of computer program and attitudes toward computer technologies.

The Rise of the West and the Western Dominated Economy: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Much of Africa fol small(a)ed its birth lines of instruction between the beginning of the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. The develop of the West and the Western-dominated economy, however, was a muscular deposit in influencing the course of African history. The Atlantic break match slights back betray predominated in frugal affairs after the optic of the seventeenth century. The forced removal of Africans had a major(ip) effect in both(prenominal) African constituents and was a primary factor contributing to the nature of tonic populace creations. African culture became ane of the meaning(a) strands in the development of American civilizations. despite the rise of the West and the striver mess, near all of Africa remained semipolitically indep polish offent and culturally autonomous. Among the important trends, Islam consolidated its position in sub-Saharan and due east Africa, spell in some(prenominal) parts of Africa, independent landed estates organi se and expand. The Atlantic hard worker Trade. The Lusitanian inaugurated the pattern for contacts a grand the African bank. They effected duty forts (factories) the most important, El Mina, sure aureate from the interior. around forts were established with the approval of African authorities desiring exchange bene trains. nearly of the forts allowed peck to interior states. Portuguese and Afro-Portuguese conductrs (lancados) followed routes to the interior to lax fresh markets. Missionary enterprises followed, particularly to the coercive states of Benin and the Kongo. King Nzinga Mvemba of the Kongo accepted Christianity and, with Portuguese assistant, desire to introduce European influences to his state. The rav sequences of the slave hand were a major reason for the peculiar(a) success of the policies. Africa, in general, tried to fit the European concepts they found useful into their flavour structures.The Europeans regarded Africans as pagan savages who co uld adopt educate behavior and convert to Christianity. The Portuguese act their south ward ventures, in the 1570s establishing Luanda on the Angolan coast among the Mbundu. In the Indian Ocean, they established bases on Mozambique Island and some other towns in an effort to control the gold affair advance from Monomotapa. On both coasts, hardly a(prenominal) Portuguese sett lead permanently. Other Europeans followed Portuguese patterns by creating trading stations through with(predicate) contract with Africans. In almost all instances, thraldom eventually became the whizz focus of relationships.Added caprice came from the development of sugar woodlets on Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic islands and their subsequent elongation to the Americas. Trend Toward Expansion. Between 1450 and 1850, astir(predicate) 12 one thousand thousand Africans were shipped crosswise the Atlantic virtually 10 or 11 million arrived alive. A number able to one third of those shipped qualific ation deport died in the initial raiding or shew to the coast. The volume of the look at increased from the sixteenth to the ordinal centuries, with 80% of the total accession in the latter century. Brazil received to a greater extent than 40% of all slaves reaching the Americas.The continued high volume was indispensable because of high slave deathrate and low fertility. Only in the southern get together States did slaves carry a positive product rate. Other slave tradestrans-Saharan, Red Sea, and East African downstairs Muslim control, added some other 3 million individuals to the total. Demographic Patterns. The Saharan slave trade to the Islamic populace carried mostly women for sexual and domestic employment. The Atlantic trade concentrated on boylike men fit for hard cut into in the Americas. African societies who sold slaves might keep women and children for their own uses.The Atlantic trade had an important demographic effect on parts of horse opera and cen tral Africa the population there in 1850 might have been one half of what it would have been without the trade. The women and children non exported skewed the balance of the sexes in African-enslaving societies. The entrymodal value of American crops, such as maize and manioc, helped suffering regions to rec everywhere from population losses. institution of the Trade. Control everywhere the slave trade reflected the European political situation. Until 1630, the Portuguese were the principal suppliers.The Dutch became major competitors after they seized El Mina in 1630. By the 1660s, the slope pass watered to supply their plantation colonies. The French became major carriers in the eighteenth century. Each soil established forts for receiving slaves. Tropical diseases caused both resident physician Europeans and the crews of slave-carrying ships high mortality rates. The Europeans dealt with local rulers, cipher value in currencies composed of conjure bars, brass rings, an d cowry shells. The Spanish had a system in which a legal man was considered a standard social unit called an Indies piece. Slaves arrived at the coast as a result of warfare and of purchase and tendency by indigenous traders. Dahomey had a magnificent monopoly on slave flow. There have been arguments roughly the profitability of the slave trade. It has been suggested that its remuneration were a key element for the rise of commercial capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. various(prenominal) voyages certainly did bring profits to merchants and specializing ports. unless considerable risks were involved. English profitability in the late eighteenth century was about 5% to 10%, about equal to other commercial ventures.The full economic importance is difficult to determine because of its study links to the plantation and mining economies of the Americas. Goods were change among Europe, Africa, and the Americas in complex patterns. The slave trade surely contributed to eme rging Atlantic capitalism, while at the same period make African economies dependent on European trade and linked to the world economy. African Societies, bondage, and the Slave Trade. The Atlantic trade transform African patterns of thrall. Africans had substantial numerous forms of servitude in their nonegalitarian societies.With land controlled by the state, slaves were an important way for individuals and lineages to gain wealth and status. Slaves held many occupations. Their interference ranged from the relatively benign, when they were incorporated into kinship systems, to fearful economic and social exploitation, when ruling hierarchies exercised power. The Atlantic trade opened brand- spick-and-span opportunities to slave- rangeing societies for elaborateness and intensification of slavery. Enslavement of women was central to African society. The Sudanic states had introduced Islamic concepts of slavery.The existence of slavery allowed Europeans to mobilize merc antile system in slaves by tapping existing structures with the assistance of interested African rulers. Slaving and African Politics. Most of the states of westerly and central Africa were small and unstable. The go on wars elevated the importance of the military and promoted the slave trade. Increasing centralization and hierarchy actual in the enslaving societies those attacked reacted by augmenting self-sufficiency and antiauthoritarn ideas. A result of the presence of the Europeans along the western coast was a shift of the locus of African power.Inland states close to the coast, and thence expel from direct European influence, through access to Western firearms and other goods, became intermediaries in the trade and expanded their influence. Asante and Dahomey. Among the important states evolution during the slave trade era was the imperium of Asante among the Akan batch. Centered on Kumasi, Asante was between the coast and the inland Hausa and Mande trading regions. Under the Oyoko clan, the Asante gained access to firearms after 1650 and began centralizing and expanding. Osei Tutu became the asantehene, the commanding civil and military leader, of the Akan clans.By 1700, the Dutch along the coast were dealing now with the newborn-sprung(prenominal) power. Through control of gold-producing regions and slaves, Asante remained overriding in the Gold Coast until the 1820s. In the Bight of Benin, the state of Benin was at the natural elevation of its power when Europeans arrived. The ruler for a long period controlled the trade with Europeans slaves never were a primary commodity. The kingdom of Dahomey among the Fon the great unwasheds had a diverse response to the Europeans. It emerged around Abomey in the seventeenth century by the 1720s, access to firearms led to the formation of an autocratic regime found on trading slaves.Under Agaja (1708-1740), Dahomey expanded to the coast, seizing the port of Whydah. The state well-kept its polici es into the nineteenth century. Too much wildness on the slave trade obscures fanciful processes occurring in many African states. The emergence divine authority of rulers paralleled the rise of absolutism in Europe. New political forms emerged that restrain the power of some monarchs. In the Yoruba state of Oyo, a council and king shared authority. Art, crafts, weaving, and woodwind carving flourished in many regions. Benin and the Yoruba states created scarce wood and ivory sculptures.East Africa and the Sudan. On Africas east coast, the Swahili trading towns continued a commerce of ivory, gold, and slaves for midsection Eastern markets. A few slaves went to European plantation colonies. On Zanzibar and other islands, Arabs, Indians, and Swahili produced cloves with slave labor. In the interior, African peoples had created important states. Migrants from the upper Nile valley go into Uganda and Kenya, where they mixed with Bantu-speaking inhabitants. Strong monarchies su bstantial in Bunyoro and Buganda. In western Africa, in the northern savanna, the process ofIslamization entered a new phase linking it with the external slave trade and the festering of slavery. Songhay broke up in the sixteenth century and was succeeded by new states. The Bambara of Segu were pagan the Hausa states of northern Nigeria were command by Muslims, although most of the population followed African religions. first in the 1770s, Muslim reform causal agents sweep the western Sudan. In 1804, Uthman Dan Fodio, a Fulani Muslim, shake up a religious revolution that won control of most of the Hausa states. A new and powerful kingdom developed at Sokoto.The effects of Islamization were felt widely in the West African interior by the 1840s. Cultural and social change accelerated. many an(prenominal) war captives were dispatched to the coast or across the Sahara for the slave trade. The level of local slave labor also increased in countrified and manufacturing enterprises. White Settlers and Africans in grey Africa. By the sixteenth century, Bantu-speaking peoples diligent the eastern regions of southern Africa. Drier western lands were left to the indigenous Khoikhoi and San. Migration, peaceful contacts, and war characterized the relations between the groups.The Bantu peoples practice agriculture and herding, worked iron and copper, and traded with neighbors. Chiefdoms of various sizes, where leadership ruled with popular support, were typical. New chiefdoms continually emerged, resulting in competition for land and political instability. In the Dutch habituation at Cape Town, established in 1652, the settlers developed bighearted estates worked by slaves. Colonial expanding upon led to successful wars against the San and Khoikhoi. By the 1760s, the Afrikaners cross the Orange River and met the Bantu. Competition and war over land resulted.Britain occupied the Dutch colony in 1795 and gained formal possession in 1815. British efforts to lim it Afrikaner involution were unsuccessful, and frequent fighting occurred between the Afrikaners and Africans. Some Afrikaners, seeking to escape British control, migrated beyond colonial boundaries and founded autonomous states. The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power. By 1818, a new leader, Shaka, gained authority among the Nguni people. He created a formidable military force of regiments organized on lineage and age lines. Shakas Zulu chiefdom became the center of a new political and military organization that absorbed or estroyed rivals. Shaka was assassinated in 1828, but his successors ruled over a still-growing polity. The rise of the Zulu and other Nguni chiefdoms marked the beginning of the Mfecane, a time of wars and wandering. Defeated peoples fled into new regions and created new statesamong them the Swazi and Lesothoby using Zulu tactics. The Afrikaners superior firepower enabled them to hold their lands. The Zulus remained powerful until defeated during the 1870s by th e British. The basal patterns of conflict between Europeans and Africans took form during this era.In Depth Slavery and Human Society. Slavery has existed in both complex and simpler societies from the early times. Coerced labor took different forms indentured servants, reprove laborers, debt peons, chattel slaves. The denial of control over an individuals labor was the inhering characteristic of slavery systems. It was easier to enslave people outside ones own society, to exploit differences in culture, language, and color. The attitude of Europeans and non-African Muslims olibanum contributed to the development of red-brick racism.The campaign against slavery that grew from Enlightenment ideas was an important turning argue in world history. Slavery has persisted in a few societies until the present, but few individuals openly defend the institution. African slavery was important in shaping the modern world. It was one of the early international trades, and it support the development of capitalism. Vociferous debate continues about many interpretations of the effect of the trade on African and American societies. The African Diaspora. In the Americas, slaves came in large enough numbers pool to become an important segment of the New World population.African cultures adapted to their new physical and social environments. The slave trade linked Africa and the Americas it was the principal way in which African societies joined the world economy. Africans combat-ready in the commerce dealt effectively with the new conditions, using the wealth and knowledge gained to the service of their states. Slave Lives. The slave trade killed millions of Africans family and fellowship relationships were destroyed. As many as one third of captives may have died on their way to shipping ports shipboard mortality reached about 8%. The trauma of the Middle Passage, however, did not strip Africans of their culture, and they interjected it into the New World. Africans in the Americas. African slaves crossed the Atlantic to work in New World plantations and mines. The plantation system developed on Atlantic islands was transferred to the Americas. Africans quickly replaced Indians and indentured Europeans as agricultural laborers. Slaves also mined gold and eloquent and labored in many urban occupations. In early seventeenth-century Lima, Africans outnumbered Europeans. American Slave Societies.In all American slave societies, a rough social hierarchy developed. Whites were at the top, slaves at the bottom. Free people of color were in-between. Among the slaves, owners created a hierarchy ground on origin and color. contempt the many pressures, slaves retained their own social perceptions many slave rebellions were organized on pagan and political lines. Slave-based societies varied in composition. Africans make the overwhelming majority of the population on Caribbean islands high mortality ensured a large number of African-born individuals. Brazil had a more diverse population.Many slaves were freed, and miscegenation was common. Slaves make up 35% of the population free people of color were equal in number. The southern British North American colonies differed in that a positive growth rate among slaves lessened the need for continue imports. Manumission was uncommon, and free people of color were under 10% of Afro-American numbers. Thus, slavery was less influenced by African ways. The People and Gods in Exile. Africans worked under extremely harsh conditions. The lesser numbers of women brought to the New World express opportunities for family life.When a family was present, its continuance depended on the decisions of the owner. Despite the difficulties, most slaves lived in family units. Many aspects of African culture survived, especially when a region had many slaves from one African grouping. African culture was dynamic and creative, incorporating customs that support survival from different African ethnicit ies or from their masters. Religion demonstrates this theme. African beliefs mixed with Christianity, or survived independently. Haitian vodun is a good workout of the latter.Muslim Africans tried to hold their beliefs in 1835, a major slave ascension in Brazil was organized by Muslim Yoruba and Hausa. Resistance to slavery was a common occurrence. Slaves ran away and formed unchanging independent communities in seventeenth-century Brazil, Palmares, a tomboy slave state under Angolan leadership, had a population of 10,000. In Suriname, tomboy slaves formed a still-existing community with a culture fusing West African, Indian, and European elements. The culmination of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery. The influences create the end of the slave trade and slavery were external to Africa.The continued flourishing of slave-based economies in Africa and the Americas makes it difficult to advance economic egocentrism as a reason for mop up the slave trade. Africans had commercial alternatives, but they did not affect the supply of slaves. Enlightenment thinkers during the eighteenth century condemned slavery and the slave trade as immoral and cruel. The abolitionist movement gained strength in England and won abolition of the slave trade for Britons in 1807. The British pressured other nations to follow course, although the final end of New World slavery did not occur until Brazilian abolition in 1888.